Volume 11, Issue 4 (July-August 2017)                   IJT 2017, 11(4): 27-31 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


1- Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
2- Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. , azizi.shahrzad@gmail.com
3- Department of Clinical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
4- Graduated Student of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
Abstract:   (4538 Views)

Background: Atrazine (ATZ) is a common herbicide in agriculture for control of grass and broad-leaved weeds. It persists in the environment and causes reproductive problems in both human and animals. The present study was aimed at protective effect of green tea against ATZ toxicity in the reproductive system of male rats.

Methods: The present study was performed in Veterinary School, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2016. ATZ and treatment groups received ATZ daily 200 mg/kg BW orally for 14 d. In addition, 0.2% methanolic green tea extract was administrated in the treatment group.

Results: In histopathologic investigation, number of germinal layers reduced in the most seminiferous tubules in the ATZ group and spermatids were absence. Necrotic spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa were evident in the testicular tubules. In the morphometric measurements, tubular diameter, germinal epithelium height, and meiosis index decreased significantly.

Conclusion: Green tea extract had reduced testicular toxicity of atrazine significantly. ATZ induces toxicity through oxidative damage and green tea extract can protect the testes due to antioxidant activity of its polyphenols especially flavonoids.

Full-Text [PDF 689 kb]   (1500 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special

References
1. Seiler A, Brenneisen P, Green D. Benefits and risks of plant protection products-possibilities of protecting drinking water: case atrazine. Water Supply (United Kingdom). 1992;10:31-42.
2. Rice PJ, Anderson TA, Coats JR. Phytoremediation of herbicide-contaminated surface water with aquatic plants. In: Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants. Kurger EL, Anhalt JC, Sorensonet D, editors. American Chemical Society, Washington; 1997.p. 133-51. [DOI:10.1021/bk-1997-0664.ch010]
3. Baker DB. Herbicides in drinking water: A challenge for risk communication. In: Ballantine LG, McFarland JE, Hacketts DS editors. Triazine Herbicides Risk Assessment. Washington, DC American Chemical Society 1998.p. 303-21. [DOI:10.1021/bk-1998-0683.ch024]
4. Giddings J, Anderson T, Hall Jr L, Kendall R, Richards R, Solomon K, et al. A probabilistic aquatic ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters. SETAC, Pensacola, FL. 2005.
5. Rey F, González M, Zayas MA, Stoker C, Durando M, Luque EH, et al. Prenatal exposure to pesticides disrupts testicular histoarchitecture and alters testosterone levels in male Caiman latirostris. General and comparative endocrinology 2009;162(3):286-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.03.032]
6. Shirisha K, Begum BS, Mastan M. Protective Effect of Andrographis paniculata Against Atrazine Induced Renotoxicity in Albino Rats. IOSR J Pharm 2013;10:17-21.
7. Braconi D, Bernardini G, Santucci A. Linking protein oxidation to environmental pollutants: redox proteomic approaches. J Proteomics 2011;74(11):2324-37. [DOI:10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.029]
8. Betancourt M, Reséndiz A. Effect of two insecticides and two herbicides on the porcine sperm motility patterns using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2006;22(3):508-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.03.001]
9. Abarikwu SO, Adesiyan AC, Oyeloja TO, Oyeyemi MO, Farombi EO. Changes in sperm characteristics and induction of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis of experimental rats by a herbicide, atrazine. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2010;58(3):874-82. [DOI:10.1007/s00244-009-9371-2]
10. Hayes T, Haston K, Tsui M, Hoang A, Haeffele C, Vonk A. Atrazine-induced hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): laboratory and field evidence. Environ Health Persp 2003;111(4):568-75. [DOI:10.1289/ehp.5932]
11. Suzawa M, Ingraham HA. The herbicide atrazine activates endocrine gene networks via non-steroidal NR5A nuclear receptors in fish and mammalian cells. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(5):e2117-8. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0002117]
12. Stoker TE, Laws SC, Guidici DL, Cooper RL. The effect of atrazine on puberty in male Wistar rats: an evaluation in the protocol for the assessment of pubertal development and thyroid function. Toxicol Sci 2000;58:50-9. [DOI:10.1093/toxsci/58.1.50]
13. Cochemé HM, Murphy MP. Can antioxidants be effective therapeutics. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2010;11(4):426-31.
14. Firuzi O, Miri R, Tavakkoli M, Saso L. Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects. Curr Med Chem 2011;18(25):3871-88. [DOI:10.2174/092986711803414368]
15. Ostrowska J, Skrzydlewska E. The comparison of effect of catechins and green tea extract on oxidative modification of LDL in vitro. Adv Med Sci 2005;51:298-303.
16. Johnsen SG. Testicular biopsy score count–a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Horm Res Paediatr 1970;1(1):2-25. [DOI:10.1159/000178170]
17. Toppari J, Larsen JC, Christiansen P, Giwercman A, Grandjean P, Guillette Jr LJ, et al. Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environ Health Persps 1996;104(Suppl 4):741-803. [DOI:10.1289/ehp.96104s4741]
18. Shah M, Qureshi A, Rehan S, Hussain R. Morphometric evaluation of blood pressure regulating organs in Teddy goats (Capra hircus) in relation to age and sex. Pak Vet J 2010;30:49-52.
19. Kniewald J, Jakominić M, Tomljenović A, Šimić B, Romac P, Vranešić Ð, et al. Disorders of male rat reproductive tract under the influence of atrazine. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(1):61-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(200001/02)20:1<61::AID-JAT628>3.0.CO;2-3 [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(200001/02)20:13.0.CO;2-3]
20. Hussain R, Mahmood F, Khan MZ, Khan A, Muhammad F. Pathological and genotoxic effects of atrazine in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Ecotoxicol 2011;20(1):1-8. [DOI:10.1007/s10646-010-0515-y]
21. Michalak A. Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in plants growing under heavy metal stress. Polish J Environ Stud 2006;15(4):523-30.
22. Babu A, Pon V, Liu D. Green tea catechins and cardiovascular health: an update. Curr Med Chem 2008;15(18):1840-50. [DOI:10.2174/092986708785132979]
23. Velayutham P, Babu A, Liu D. Green tea catechins and cardiovascular health: an update. Curr Med Chem 2008;15:1840-50. [DOI:10.2174/092986708785132979]
24. Abdel-Rahman A, Anyangwe N, Carlacci L, Casper S, Danam RP, Enongene E, et al. The safety and regulation of natural products used as foods and food ingredients. Toxicol Sci 2011;123:333-48. [DOI:10.1093/toxsci/kfr198]
25. Akunna GG, Saalu CL, Ogunmodede OS, Ogunlade B, BELLO AJ. Aqueous extract of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) protects testis against atrazine-induced toxicity in rat. World J Life Sci Med Res 2012;2(2):100-8.
26. Farombi EO, Ugwuezunmba MC, Ezenwadu TT, Oyeyemi MO, Ekor M. Tetracycline-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats: effects of vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine. Exp Toxic Pathol 2008;60(1):77-85. [DOI:10.1016/j.etp.2008.02.002]
27. Kopera IA, Bilinska B, Cheng CY, Mruk DD. Sertoli–germ cell junctions in the testis: a review of recent data. Philosophical Trans R Soc Lond B: Biol Sci 2010;365(1546):1593-605. [DOI:10.1098/rstb.2009.0251]
28. MacLennan PA, Delzell E, Sathiakumar N, Myers SL, Cheng H, Grizzle W, et al. Cancer incidence among triazine herbicide manufacturing workers. J Occup Environ Med 2002;44(11):1048-58. [DOI:10.1097/00043764-200211000-00011]
29. Simpkins JW, Swenberg JA, Weiss N, Brusick D, Eldridge JC, Stevens JT, et al. Atrazine and breast cancer: a framework assessment of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence. Toxicol Sci 2011;123(2):441-59. [DOI:10.1093/toxsci/kfr176]

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.