@article{ author = {Fayyaz, Farshi}, title = {Panceratic Complications of Mustard Gas Exposure: A Study on Cadavers}, abstract ={Background: Sulfur mustard is one of the chemical warfare gases that has been known as a vesicant or blistering agents. It is a chemical alkylating compound agent that can be frequently absorbed through skin, respiratory system, genital tract, and ocular system. This study was done to pathologically analyze the microscopic pancreatic lesions in cadavers. Methods: This case series study was performed during 2007 to 2012 in Legal Medicine Organization. Exposure was confirmed by the written reports of the field hospitals, based on acute presentation of eye, skin and pulmonary symptoms of the exposure. Results: Pancreatic autopsy findings were chronic inflammation, fibrosis and duct ectasia acinar atrophy was also seen in 4 cases. All 4 cases had chronic pancreatic disease with abdominal pain, steatorrhea and weight loss that was confirmed by sonography. CT scan and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) have also demonstrated the chronic pancreatitis. Conclusion: According to the chronic progressive lesions caused by mustard gas exposure such as pulmonary lesions and also its high mortality rate, suitable programming for protection of the mustard gas exposed people in chemical factories is necessary.}, Keywords = {Autopsy, Lung Injury, Mortality, Mustard Gas,}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1287-1289}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-388-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Golenaz and Ziarati, Paris}, title = {Heavy Metal Contamination of Popular Nail Polishes in Iran}, abstract ={Background: Toxic and hazardous heavy metals like arsenic, lead, mercury, zinc, chromium and iron are found in a variety of personal care products, e.g. lipstick, whitening toothpaste, eyeliner and nail color. The nails absorb the pigments of nail polishes and vaporized or soluble metals can easily pass it. The goal of this survey was to assess whether the different colors of nail polishes comply with maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the EPA’s guidelines. Methods: 150 samples of different popular brands of nail polishes in 13 colors (yellow, beige, silver, pink, white, violet, brown, golden, green, black, colorless, red and blue) were randomly purchased from beauty shops in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014. Microwave digestion EPA method 3051 was used by a microwave oven to determine the amount of 5 heavy metals Nickel, Chromium, Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium. One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, hierarchical cluster, and principal component analyses were applied by Statistica 7.0 software. Results: The concentrations of chrome, lead, nickel and arsenic showed significant differences between the colors (p<0.05). In all studied samples, the level of cadmium was beyond the safe maximum permissible limit (MPS), but no significance difference in the cadmium content was identified. Conclusion: Due to the high concentrations of toxic metals in many brands of nail polishes, meticulous quality control is recommended for these beauty products.}, Keywords = {Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cosmetics, Lead, Metals Heavy, Nickel}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1290-1295}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {SanazPashapour, and ZahraMousavi, and ParisaZiarati, and KarimEbrahimNajafabadi,}, title = {Comparison of the Level of Cadmium and Lead between the Cigarette Filters of Different Iranian and non-Iranian Brands}, abstract ={Background: Cigarette butts have been shown to release numerous kinds of chemicals such as heavy metals in water and may be a continual source of aquatic environments contamination after discarding. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of Cd and Pb in cigarette filters of different Iranian and non-Iranian brands in smoked and non-smoked samples. Methods: Ten different brands of cigarettes were collected from Tehran, Iran local markets in 2014. Standardized international protocols were followed for preparation of the materials and analysis of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) contents. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 18 software by ANOVA and Student T tests. Results: The average concentration of Cd in Iranian cigarette filters was 0.42±0.03mg/kg and in non-Iranian cigarette filters was 0.31±0.05mg/kg (p=0.4). The average concentration of Pb in Iranian cigarette filters was 22.32±1.15mg/kg and in non-Iranian cigarette filters was 23.62±3.17mg/kg (p=0.072). The Cadmium concentration in cigarette filters ranged from 0.18 to 0.48μg/g before and 0.25 to 0.88μg/g after smoking. The Lead concentration in cigarette filters ranged from 16.63 to 33.52μg/g before and 20.14 to 53.55μg/g after smoking. Conclusion: Smoked cigarette filters have more concentrations of Cd and Pb than non-smoked cigarette filters and these concentrations are also different between Iranian and non-Iranian cigarette brands.}, Keywords = {Absorption Radiation, Cadmium, Environmental Pollution, Lead, Smoking }, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1296-12300}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, Ali and Imanpoor, Mohamad Rez}, title = {Acute Toxicity of Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2), Lead Chloride (PbCl2) and Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) on Silver Dollar Fish (Metynnis fasciatus)}, abstract ={Background: Since heavy metals can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms, they can cause a range of hazardous effects which can become harmful to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of some heavy metals as potential dangerous substances by assessing the mortality effects of Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2), Lead Chloride (PbCl2) and Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) pollutants on a freshwater fish, silver dollar (Metynnis fasciatus). Methods: Fish samples were exposed to different concentrations of mercuric chloride (HgCl2), lead chloride (Pbcl2) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) for 96h and their cumulative mortality was calculated in 24h intervals.Results were analyzed by SPSS 16 to obtain number of cumulative mortality and lethal concentrations (LC10-99). Results: LC50-96h was 0.94±0.41ppm, 86.84±1.04ppm and 32.24±1.41ppm for mercuric chloride, lead chloride and zinc sulfate, respectively. So, mercury had the highest toxicity to silver dollar fish. Conclusion: Mercuric chloride and lead chloride has the lowest and highest rate of mortality among these tree metals on silver dollar fish however, the mortality rate was increased with increasing concentrations of toxins with time.}, Keywords = {Fishes, Lead Chloride, Lethal Dose 50, Mercuric Chloride, Water Pollution Chemical, Zinc Sulfate,}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1301-1306}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-368-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-368-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Sobhanardakani, Soheil}, title = {Residual Levels of Diazinon and Benomyl on Greenhouse Mushrooms}, abstract ={Background: Pesticides are one of the important sources of environmental pollution that influence human health. The aim of current study was to determine diazinon and benomyl residues levels in mushrooms grown in greenhouses. Methods: Mushroom samples were obtained from 10 active greenhouses of Hamadan Province, Iran, every 14 days from May 2014. The absorbance of diazinon and benomyl were measured at 435nm in a Chemistry laboratory in Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University by spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and one-sample test in SPSS 20 statistical package. Results: Diazinon residue levels in mushroom ranged from 0.026 to 0.185mg/kg. Approximately 90.0% of mushrooms were contaminated with diazinon, which was significantly more than MRL for human consumption provided by European :::::union::::: (0.05mg/kg). Benomyl residue levels ranged from 0.00025 to 0.097mg/kg. Approximately 50.0% of mushrooms were contaminated with benomyl, which was significantly higher than the MRL for human consumption provided by WHO (0.01mg/kg). Conclusion: Mushrooms of Hamedan Province, Iran, Greenhouses contamination with diazinon and benomyl is higher than international standards.}, Keywords = {Benomyl, Diazinon, Food Safety, Mushroom, Pesticides,}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1307-1311}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-393-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-393-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Solhi, Hasan and Badakhshan, Dariush and Monabbati, Seyyed Jalil and Kazemifar, Amir Mohammad and Pakniyat, Abdol Ghader}, title = {Misleading Drugs with Street Name Temgesic and Norgesic in Hand of Iranian Drug Abusers What Are Their True Natures?}, abstract ={Background: The illicit vials with street name Temgesic and Norgesic has been distributed in black market of Iran in recent years. With reference to their name, one may presume that they contain the opioid Buprenorphine but there are some reports in opposition to this. True nature of these vials has been shown in the current study. Methods: All of drugs that had been apprehended by law enforcement police in Arak city in center of Iran during March 2010 to September 2010 were included in the study. Totally 31 samples were analyzed. The samples were examined using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Gas chromatography with mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to confirm the results. Results: All of the samples contained opioids include Heroin, Morphine, Codeine, Mono acetyl morphine and Acetyl codeine with varying proportions. In addition, pheniramine, amitriptyline and caffeine were found in some samples. There was no Buprenorphine in the samples. Presence of the steroid Dexamethasone in the samples was shown too. Conclusion: When the physicians treat the patients with acute or long-term complications of Temgesic and Norgesic abuse, they should mull over true nature of the vials not their disingenuous street name.}, Keywords = {Buprenorphine, Heroin, Norgesic, Street Name, Temgesic}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1312-1315}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-394-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-394-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Taherkhani, Mahboubeh}, title = {Mutagenic, Anti-Mutagenic and Cytotoxic Activities of Artediffusin (Tehranolide), in vitro, extracted from Artemisia diffusa}, abstract ={Background: Artediffusin is a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide group which has been isolated from Artemisia diffusa. Artemisia has always been of great botanical and pharmaceutical interest and is useful in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases and complaints. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the cytotoxic, mutagenic and anti-mutagenic activities of Artediffusin (Tehranolide) extracted from Artemisia diffusa. Methods: Cytotoxicity was measured using a modified MTT assay on normal human lymphocytes and cancer cells. The mutagenic and anti-mutagenic activities of Artediffusin were evaluated using the Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation S9. Results: 28μg/ml concentration of Artediffusin inactivated 77.73±0.78% of HeLa cells activity and 5600µg/ml concentration of Artediffusin inactivated 28.79±1.82% of lymphocytes activity. The maximum percentage of anti-mutagenic activity of Artediffusin was observed in the strain of S. typhimurium TA98, with the presence of metabolic activation S9. Conclusion: Artediffusin may be exploited as a natural anti-cancer and anti-mutagenic agent with low adverse side effects}, Keywords = {9-Methylfluorene, 1,9-Dimethylfluorene, Antimutagens, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, Salmonella Typhimurium, Tehranolide.}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1316-1321}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-301-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-301-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Yakubu, Musa Toyin and OlalekanBukunmiOgunro, and OluwayemisiBeatriceOjewuyi,}, title = {Attenuation of Biochemical, Haematological and Histological Indices of Alloxan Toxicity in Male Rats by Aqueous Extract of Fadogia agrestis (Schweinf. Ex Hiern) Stem}, abstract ={Background: The effects of aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem at the doses of 18, 36, and 72 mg/kg body weight on alloxan-induced toxicity was investigated in Wistar rats. Methods: In total, 35 rats of both sexes (132.80±7.22g) were randomized into five groups (A-E): animals in group A received 0.5 ml of distilled water orally on daily basis for 15 days while the alloxanized rats in groups B, C, D and E also received orally 0.5 ml of distilled water and same volume of the extract corresponding to 18, 36, and 72 mg/kg body weight, respectively after which levels of some biomolecules were determined. Results: Administration of alloxan significantly (P<0.05) increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio, levels of serum total and conjugated bilirubin, uric acid, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- as well as activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum whereas activities of ALP, AST and ALT in the liver and kidney, erythrocytes and leucocytes indices, total protein, globulin and PO42- levels as well as albumin/globulin ratio decreased (P0.05) with their respective non-alloxanized distilled water treated control animals in 78% of the parameters investigated. Conclusion: Overall, the aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem attenuated the alloxan treatment related biochemical, haematological and histological changes in the rats with the 72 mg/kg body weight achieving total reversal in 18 out of the 23 parameters investigated.}, Keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes Mellitus, Fadogia agrestis, Mitigation, Reversal,}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1322-1330}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Zargari, Felor and Ghorbanihaghjo, Amir and Babaei, Hossei}, title = {Protective Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Nasturtium officinale on Rat Blood Cells Exposed to Arsenic}, abstract ={Background: Arsenic is one of the most toxic metalloids. Anemia and leukopenia are common results of poisoning with arsenic, which may happen due to a direct hemolytic or cytotoxic effect on blood cells. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Nasturtium officinale on blood cells and antioxidant enzymes in rats exposed to sodium (meta)arsenite. Methods: 32 Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups Group I (normal healthy rats), Group II (treated with 5.5mg/kg of body weight of NaAsO2), Group III (treated with 500mg/kg of body weight of hydro-alcoholic extract of N. officinale), and Group IV (treated with group II and III supplementations). Blood samples were collected and red blood cell, white blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelet, total protein and albumin levels and total antioxidant capacity were measured. Data was analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test. Results: WBC, RBC and Hct were decreased in the rats exposed to NaAsO2 (p<0.05). A significant increase was seen in RBC and Hct after treatment with the plant extract (p<0.05). There was no significant decrease in serum albumin and total protein in the groups exposed to NaAsO2 compared to the group I, but NaAsO2 decreased the total antioxidant capacity, significantly. Conclusion: The Nasturtium officinale extract have protective effect on arsenic-induced damage of blood cells.}, Keywords = {Arsenic, Blood Cells, Nasturtium officinale, Oxidative Stress}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1331-1335}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {MohammadiRoozbahani, Maryam and SobhanArdakani, Soheil and Karimi, Hoda and Sorooshnia, Rezv}, title = {Natural and Anthropogenic Source of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Soil Samples of an Industrial Complex a Case Study}, abstract ={Background: Soil serves as a major reservoir for contaminants as it can bind to various chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of some metals (Cd, Cu, Fe and V) in soil samples collected from different stations of Ahvaz Industrial Complex II to determine the natural and anthropogenic contribution of metal in the soil. Methods: This was an experimental study that carried out in 2013. Soil samples were obtained from 9 stations and were subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe and V in soil were determined by ICP-OES. Contaminant factor (CF) and geo-accumulation index (I-geo) were used to evaluate the soil pollution in the samples. ANOVA, Duncan Multiple Range and Pearson correlation coefficient matrix tests was used to analyze the data.Results: According to I-geo results, the soil samples of the Ahvaz Industrial Complex II could be classified as strongly to very strongly pollute for Cd and it was unpolluted to moderately pollute for Cu, Fe and V. The amount of anthropogenic pollution was more than that of natural sources and the anthropogenic order of metals pollution was Fe (88%)> Cu (83%)> Cd (75%)> V (61%). Conclusion: Metals concentrations are the highest at a distance of 300m from the pollution source. V, Cu and Cd pollutants are probably originated from oil industries.}, Keywords = {Environmental Pollution, Metals Heavy, Soil Pollutants}, volume = {9}, Number = {29}, pages = {1336-1341}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-337-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-337-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2015} }