@article{ author = {Hasanpour, Saeed and Rahimi, Shaban and FaniMakki, Omid and Shahhosseini, Gholamreza and Khosravi, Alirez}, title = {Protective Influence of Gamma Rays and Electron-Beam Irradiation with a Commercial Toxin Binder on Toxic Effects of Aflatoxin B1 in Japanese Quails}, abstract ={Background: This cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate the effect of &gamma-rays and electron-beam irradiation with a commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX on the performance, feed components, and meat quality of Japanese quails challenged with aflatoxin B1. Methods: Overall, 168 One-d-old chicks (Japanese quails) were allocated to eight treatments with three replicates based on a completely randomized design in a 2×4 factorial arrangement. Two levels of aflatoxin (Zero and 2 ppm) were considered as the essential factor. The secondary factor was involved in four levels (Control, 27 k Gy doses of &gamma-rays, electron-beam irradiation, and 0.3% commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX). Results: In vitro condition showed that experiment diets do not have any effect on meat quality and feed components such as malondialdehyde, protein, fat, ash, and the dry matter. However, the highest and the lowest levels of feed intake and body weight gain were observed in the 7th treatment (2-ppm aflatoxin B1 + electron-beam irradiation) and the 2nd treatment (2-ppm aflatoxin B1 alone), respectively in 1-15 and 29-42 days (P&le0.05). In addition, the highest liver weight (1.73), spleen (0.57) and bursa (0.18) were seen in the second treatment (2 ppm aflatoxin B1) alone (P&le0.05) at the age of 42 days. Conclusion: &gamma-rays and electron-beam irradiation plus commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX can be used for aflatoxin B1 absorption in poultry diets.}, Keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Irradiation, Performance, Toxin Binder.}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.1.83.6}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-481-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-481-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Kakaei, Ahmad and kazemeini, Mohamm}, title = {Removal of Cd (II) in Water Samples Using Modified Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle}, abstract ={Background: Heavy metals, even at low concentrations, are harmful to human health and environment. Cadmium as a heavy metal is highly toxic and can cause serious threat to living organisms. This research was designed to evaluate the adsorption potential of modified magnetic iron nanoparticles by 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol ligand for the removal of cadmium ions from water solutions. Methods: This study was conducted in Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran, in 2014. Modified magnetic iron nanoparticle was used as adsorbent for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solution. In batch extraction, the effects of parameters like pH of sample solution (3.0-11.0), initial metal concentrations (50-300) mgL-1), contact time (1.0-10 min) and adsorbent dose (10.0-60.0 mg) were studied on the adsorption process. Modified magnetite nanoparticle was presented as the adsorbent for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous samples and later was confirmed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: The adsorption of cadmium ions on modified magnetite nanoparticles strongly depends on pH. The experimental isothermal data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The removal process followed the Langmuir isotherm. Maximum adsorption capacity for the adsorption of cadmium ions by the sorbent was 24.09 mgg-1. Conclusion: The method was successfully applied to adsorption of cadmium in water samples with satisfactory results. Other advantages include high capacity, good stability and fast adsorption kinetics. High pre-concentration factor was obtained easily by this method (120) and low analysis cost.}, Keywords = {Cadmium Ions, Flame Spectrometry, Magnetic Nanoparticle, Removal.}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-14}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.1.299.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-413-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-413-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Mansouri, Borhan and Johari, Seyed Ali}, title = {Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles on Histopathology and Electron Microscope Ultrastructure of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Gills}, abstract ={Background: The increasing use of nanomaterials and nanoproducts has increased the possibility of contamination of the environment, which may have adverse effects on different organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles on histopathology and gill ultrastructure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under laboratory conditions. Methods: Zebrafish were exposed to four concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0.0015, 0.00375, 0.0075, and 0.015 mg/l) for a period of 4 days. Gill ultrastructure and histopathological changes were studied using scanning electron microscope and haematoxylin - eosin staining. Results: Exposure to silver nanoparticles significantly (P < 0.001) increased the diameter of gill filaments and secondary lamellae, while silver nanoparticles significantly reduced the length of the secondary gills in zebrafish. Moreover, other changes such as vacuolization, dilated and clubbed tips, hyperplasia, edema, fusion, swelling of mucocytes, hypertrophy, and necrosis were observed. The effects of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish gills were dose dependent. Conclusion: Based on the adverse effects of AgNPs on zebrafish gills, silver nanoparticle solutions can be hazardous pollutants for the environment.}, Keywords = {Gills, Metal Nanoparticles, Silver, Water Pollution, Zebrafish.}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-20}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.1.60.4}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-409-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-409-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Salau, Amadu Kayode and Yakubu, Musa Toyin and Oladiji, Adenike Temidayo}, title = {Effects of Aqueous Root Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill & Perr and Terminalia avicennioides Guill & Perr on Redox and Haematological Parameters of Diethylnitrosamine-Administered Rats}, abstract ={Background: This study investigated the protective effects of aqueous extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill & Perr (Combretaceae) and Terminalia avicennioides Guill & Perr (Combretaceae) root barks, as well as their 1:1 (w/w) mixture on liver redox and haematological parameters of diethylnitrosamine-treated rats. Methods: Rats were orally administered distilled water, diethylnitrosamine (30 mg/kg body weight once a week on weeks 3 and 4), curcumin (200 mg/kg body weight), extracts and 1:1 mixture (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. Malondialdehyde, markers of oxidative stress and hematological indices were evaluated. Results: The extracts and their mixture significantly (P<0.05) reversed the diethylnitrosamine-induced alterations in the levels of liver malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, vitamin C and platelet counts. The other haematological parameters (red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, lymphocyte count and neutrophil count) were not affected by diethylnitrosamine and extracts. Conclusion: The extracts possess antioxidant, hepatoprotective and haemoprotective activities that compared well with curcumin. These activities were better exhibited by the mixture than the individual extracts.}, Keywords = {Antioxidants, Combretaceae, Curcumin, Diethylnitrosamine, Oxidation-reduction, Oxidative stress.}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-29}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.1.298.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-412-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-412-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sharifinasab, Zeinab and Banaee, Mahdi and Mohiseni, Mohammad and Noori, Ahm}, title = {Vitamin C and Chitosan Alleviate Toxic Effects of Paraquat on Some Biochemical Parameters in Hepatocytes of Common Carp}, abstract ={Background: Paraquat is nonselective bipyridyl herbicide that induces hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress. Vitamin C and chitosan have antioxidant as well as radical scavenger properties and show protective effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, hepatoprotective effects of chitosan and vitamin C were evaluated in common carp exposed to paraquat. Methods: While exposed to 0.02 mg. L-1paraquat for 21 days, common carp were fed chitosan (1000 mg. kg‑1 feed), vitamin C (1000 mg. kg-1 feed), and vitamin C combined with chitosan. At the end of the experiment, activities of hepatic enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. Results: Paraquat induces changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver tissue of fish. However, these enzymes were restored to normal levels in fish fed with vitamin C and vitamin C combined with chitosan following exposure to paraquat. Increased levels of malondialdehyde were observed in liver after exposure to paraquat, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities and the total antioxidant levels decreased. Administration of vitamin C combined with chitosan significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and increased the total antioxidant capacity, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities. Conclusion: Administration of vitamin C is effective in reducing liver toxicity of paraquat. However, administrating both vitamin C and chitosan is more effective. In other words, chitosan and vitamin C have a synergic effect. They could be used as hepatoprotective agents against paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity in fish.}, Keywords = {Biochemical parameters, Chitosan, Oxidative stress, Paraquat, Vitamin C.}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {31-40}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.1.88.6}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-430-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-430-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Yakubu, Musa Toyin and Quadri, Ayodeji Luqm}, title = {Safety Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Garcinia Kola Seeds in Male Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Background: Garcinia kola seed is consumed indiscriminately in Nigeria without recourse to its potential toxicity. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the toxicity of the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds on selected tissues of male rats.  Methods: Thirty male rats (215.00 ± 18.58 g) were assigned into four groups: A, B, C and D which received 0.5 ml of distilled water, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively, once daily for 7 days. Biochemical indices of organ damage and toxicity were determined using standard methods. Results: The extract significantly (P<0.05) increased the testes-body weight ratio, activities of testicular alkaline phosphatase (ALP), heart, testes and serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity,  serum concentrations of uric acid, K+, creatinine and PO43-. The liver-body weight ratio, activities of kidney and serum ALP, liver, heart and serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), serum and testicular acid phosphatase (ACP), concentrations of serum albumin, globulin, urea, Na+ , HCO3-, conjugated and total bilirubin were reduced. The heart- and kidney-body weight ratios and liver ALP were not significantly (P>0.05) altered. Conclusion: The treatment related alterations in the present study indicates that the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds at the doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight caused functional toxicity to the organs of the animals and thus not safe as an oral remedy.}, Keywords = {Functional toxicity, Garcinia kola, Guttifera, Organ dysfunction, Safety.}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-47}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.1.42.4}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-390-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-390-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Yazdanbakhsh, Arash and Kazemifar, Amir Mohammad and Nazari, Kamyar and SadeghiSedeh, Bahman and Solhi, Hass}, title = {Comparison of Effects and Side Effects of Two Naloxone-Based Regimens in Treatment of Methadone Overdose}, abstract ={Background: Acute opioid overdose is a common cause of admission in emergency department. In spite of the fact that naloxone is the main therapy for decades, there are controversies about the proper way of its use. This study aimed to compare two most recommended administration modes for naloxone. Methods: In this single-blind clinical trial, 80 patients with methadone overdose syndrome were randomly divided into two equal groups. The patients in infusion group received a constant infusion of naloxone preparation while in the patients in PRN group, naloxone was administered only if needed clinically. Severity of withdrawal syndrome was evaluated after 30 min, 3 h, and 12 h of the treatments in both groups. Results: Eighty patients completed the study (10 women and 70 men). Both groups were similar in terms of mean age, sex ratio, and the severity of intoxication. The severity of withdrawal symptom was significantly lower in the PRN group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Naloxone administration as PRN mode lowers the rate and severity of withdrawal syndrome. It is recommended as the preferred mode of naloxone administration.}, Keywords = {Infusion, Methadone Intoxication, Naloxone, PRN, Withdrawal syndrome.}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {49-52}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.1.330.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-443-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-443-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Moshiri, Mohammad and Mousavi, Seyed Reza and Etemad, Leil}, title = {Management of 2, 4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Intoxication by Hemodialysis: A Case Report}, abstract ={Background: The herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) can cause moderate to lethal poisoning. Although urine alkalization has been recommended as the main treatment, hemodialysis (HD) may be more effective in severe cases. Case: On 24th June 2014, a 53- year-old man ingested a high amount of 40% 2, 4-D. He suffered from mouth and epigastric burning sensation, vomiting and nausea. He was treated, in Emam Reza’s Hospital of Mashhad University Of Medical Sciences, Mashhad , Iran,  with maintenance daily fluid infusion plus 10 meq/L NaHCO3. Up to 9 hours after exposure, he became progressively stuporous. He developed diarrhea and hypotension, BP=100/60, unresponsive to volume replacement therapy. He received regular hemodialysis (HD) with bicarbonate for three hours. At the end of HD, his blood pressure rose to 110/70 and the level of consciousness began to improve. Four hours later, he was fully conscious with stable blood pressure (130/80 mmHg). Conclusion: HD may be an effective, safe and fast method for 2, 4-D high dose intoxication induced coma.}, Keywords = {2, 4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Alkaline diuresis, Hemodialysis, Herbicide intoxication, Iran.}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {53-55}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.1.303.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-416-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-416-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Dadpour, Bita and Afshari, Reza and Mousavi, Seyed Reza and Kianoush, Sina and Keramati, Mohamad Reza and Moradi, Vali Allah and Sadeghi, Mahmood and MadaniSani, Faezeh and BalaliMood, Mahdi}, title = {Clinical and Laboratory Findings of Lead Hepatotoxicity in the Workers of a Car Battery Manufacturing Factory}, abstract ={Background: Occupational lead poisoning is common in workers of some industries, but lead hepatotoxicity has rarely been reported. Several animal studies have revealed lead induced liver damage but clinical studies concerning the manifestations of lead induced liver toxicity in humans are scares. This study was designed to investigate the clinical manifestations and pathological parameters of hepatic dysfunction and its relationship with blood and urine lead concentrations in a car battery-manufacturing workers. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in Mashhad, Iran, during April-June 2011. One hundred and twelve workers underwent blood and urine sampling for determination of lead concentrations and liver function tests. Clinical signs and symptoms of possible lead hepatotoxicity were investigated. Results: Mean (±SD) age of the workers was 28.78 (±5.17) yr with a daytime work of 8.67 (±1.41) h and mean work duration of 3.89 (±2.40) yr. Mean blood lead concentration (BLC) and urine lead concentration (ULC) were 398.95 (±177.41) µg/l and 83.67(±50) μg/l, respectively. We found no correlation between the clinical findings and BLC or ULC. A weak correlation (R: 0.27, P=0.087) between serum alkaline phosphatase concentration and BLC was obtained. No significant relationship was found between other liver function tests and BLC or ULC. Conclusion: We found no specific clinical and laboratory abnormalities of liver in the workers of car battery manufacturer who had chronic lead toxicity. Further investigations with more specific laboratory tests such as LDH5 and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) as well as novel biomarkers of metal induced hepatotoxicity might be helpful in evaluating lead hepatotoxicity.}, Keywords = {Lead Poisoning, Liver, Liver Function Tests, Occupational Exposure, Transaminases}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.2.327.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-439-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-439-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ghannadzadeh, Mohammad Javad and JonidiJafari, Ahmad and Rezaee, Abbas and Eftekharian, Fatemeh and Koolivand, Ali}, title = {Evaluation of Baffle Fixes Film up Flow Sludge Blanket Filtration (BFUSBF) System in Treatment of Wastewaters from Phenol and 2,4-Dinitrophenol Using Daphnia Magna Bioassay}, abstract ={Background: Phenol and nitrophenol are common compounds found in different types of industrial wastewater known as serious threats to human health and natural environment. In this study, Daphnia magna was used to evaluate the effectiveness of "baffle fixes film up flow sludge blanket filtration" (BFUSBF) system in elimination of phenolic compounds from water. Methods: D. magna cultures were used as toxicity index of phenol and 2,4-DNP mixtures after treatment by a pilot BFUSBF system which consisted of baffle in anoxic section and biofilm in aerobic sections. Initial concentrations were 312 mg/L phenol and 288 mg/L 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Results: Bioassay tests showed that D. magna was influenced by the toxicity of phenol and 2,4 DNP mixtures. The comparison between the toxicity of initial phenol and 2,4-DNP mixtures and the output toxic unit (TU) derived from BFUSBF treatment system showed that the TU of the effluent from BFUSBF reactor was much lower than that of the solution that entered the reactor. Conclusion: Based on the acute toxicity test, BFUSBF process could reduce phenol and 2,4-DNP in aqueous solutions. Therefore, it is possible to use BFUSBF process as an appropriate treatment option for wastewaters containing phenolic compounds.}, Keywords = {2,4-Dinitrophenol, Chemical Water Pollution, Phenol, Water Purification, Daphnia}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {7-11}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.2.286.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-389-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-389-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Hamidipour, Fatemeh and Pourkhabbaz, Hamidreza and Banaee, Mahdi and Javanmardi, Saeideh}, title = {Bioaccumulation of Lead in the Tissues of Japanese Quails and Its Effects on Blood Biochemical Factors}, abstract ={Background: Lead is the oldest known toxic metal, physiologically and biologically harmful to living creatures. This study aimed to evaluate the lead accumulation in the liver and breast muscles of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and to compare concentrations in both sexes and its effect on blood biochemical factors. Methods: Twenty-four young farm Japanese quails (25 day old) prepared from local breeders in December 2014 and randomly divided into control and treatment group. Treatment group were exposed to 0.4 mg per kg diet of “Lead Acetate” for 21 days. We studied the effects of lead on survival and blood biochemical factors. The lead accumulation in the liver and breast muscles of Japanese quail was determined using atomic absorption. Results: Exposure to lead caused a significant increase in the activity of enzymes (AST), (ALT), (LDH), glucose, creatinine and uric acid in poultry treated with lead compared with the control group (P<0.05). In addition, significant decrease in the activity of ALP, AChE, total protein, albumin, globulin, and triglycerides was found (P<0.05). The treated group had no significant change in the activity of CPK and cholesterol. Lead accumulation was more in the liver rather than the breast muscle. There was no significant difference between males and females as for concentration of lead in muscle and liver of quail. Conclusion: Quail have capabilities to accumulate lead in their tissues. In addition, it can lead to apparent changes in enzymes and blood biochemical factors, which show adverse effects of heavy metals on the immune and physiological system of birds.}, Keywords = {Bioaccumulation, Biochemical Factors, Japanese Quail, Lead}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {13-21}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.2.315.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-434-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-434-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Rezaee, Nahid and Nematollahi, Zahra and Shekarforous, shahnaz and Hoseini, Ebrahim}, title = {Effect of Sodium Metabisulfite on Rat Ovary and Lipid Peroxidation}, abstract ={Background: Many health problems are related to lifestyle and dietary factors. Since ancient times, food additives such as sulfites have been used to preserve foods. Diverse effects of sulfites on multiple organs have been reported but its effect on female reproductive organ has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium metabisulfite (SMB) on ovarian tissue in adult rats. Methods: Four groups of female rats (n=32) were used. The experimental rats received 10, 100 and 260 mg/kg SMB for 28 days (S10, S100 and S260 groups, respectively). The control rats received distilled water for the same period. The ovarian volume, weight and the number of different types of follicles were estimated by stereological methods. Lipid peroxidation is assessed indirectly by the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the ovarian volume, the number of primordial, primary, secondary, grafian follicles and corpus luteum in the SMB-treated animals compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In comparison to the control group, the number of atretic follicles increased in the SMB-treated rats. MDA was significantly increased in S260 group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The present data confirm sulfite-induced structural changes in the ovary. Increased level of MDA because of SMB ingestion suggests that free radicals may have a critical role in these changes.}, Keywords = {Lipid Peroxidation, Ovary, Sodium Metabisulfite}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {23-28}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.2.316.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-431-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-431-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sakizadeh, Mohamad and Mirzaei, Rouhollah}, title = {Health Risk Assessment of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr in Drinking Water in some Wells and Springs of Shush and Andimeshk, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iran}, abstract ={Background: In the current study,the hazard quotient, the hazard index (HI) and spatial variations of Fe,Mn,Cu and Cr in drinking water sources of Andimesk-Shush, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iranaquifer were assessed. Methods: We compared theconcentrations of aforementioned heavy metals in wells and springs inAndimeshk and Shush regions. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals was implemented usingUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) index.The spatial maps in the area were developed by geostatistical methods. Results: Mean concentrations of heavy metals in groundwater sources of the study area in decreasing order was as follows: Cu >Mn> Fe> Cr. Except for iron,mean heavy metal concentrations were higher than the standard levels. Manganese concentration in 41.5% of the samples exceeded the permissible limits. Copper was higher than the safety limit in 74% of the samples, and chromium in 54% of the cases. The spatial pattern of heavy metals concentrations indicated higher concentrations in the southern parts of the region. The mean hazard quotients of most samples for the four heavy metals were lower than one, indicating that there was no immediate threat due to the exposure to these heavy metals.  The calculated accumulated hazards of these heavy metals produced different results, with hazard indices of higher than one. Conclusion: The accumulated hazard indicesfor the evaluated metals were higher than one, indicating that chronic ingestion of these waters threatens the health of local consumers on the long run.}, Keywords = {Chemical Water Pollution, Heavy Metals, Risk Assessment}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {29-35}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.2.336.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-460-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-460-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sargazi, Zinat and Nikravesh, Mohammad Reza and Jalali, Mehdi and Sadeghnia, Hamid Reza and RahimiAnbarkeh, Fatemeh}, title = {Apoptotic Effect of Organophosphorus Insecticide Diazinon on Rat Ovary and Protective Effect of Vitamin E}, abstract ={Background: Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide widely utilized in agriculture all over the world and causes many negative effects on plants and animal species, especially on human. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of DZN on apoptosis of ovarian follicles in adult rats and to assess the protective role of vit E. Methods: Thirty adult female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control group (without any intervention), sham group (received only pure olive oil, as solvent), experimental group 1 (DZN+olive oil, 60 mg/kg), experimental group 2 (vit E, 200 mg/kg), and experimental group 3 (DZN+vit E, the same dosage). All drugs were injected intraperitoneally, except vit E administrated by gavage. The animals were scarified after two weeks and left ovary was used to measure apoptosis of ovarian follicles. Results: The number apoptotic cells experimental group 1 increased significantly in contrast control group in secondary and graffian follicles (P< 0.001). Administration vit E plus DZN, significantly reduced apoptotic cells compared to DZN group (P< 0.001). Conclusion: DZN-induced apoptosis in secondary and graffian follicles and vit E inhibited apoptosis induced by DZN. Vit E might have a protective effect on DZN-induced ovarian toxicity.}, Keywords = {Apoptosis, Diazinon, Ovary, Vitamin E}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {37-44}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.2.328.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-440-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-440-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Yarahmadi, Zahra and Movahedinia, Abdol Ali and Rastgar, Sara and AlijaniArdeshir, Rashi}, title = {Effects of Naphthalene on Plasma Cortisol and Thyroid Levels in Immature and Mature Female Klunzingeri Mulet, Liza klunzingeri}, abstract ={Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene (NAP) are organic pollutants that have spread widely in littoral marine ecosystems. We aimed to study the effect of acute and prolonged exposure to naphthalene (NAP) on plasma cortisol and thyroid levels in mature and immature Liza klunzingeri mulet. Methods: In acute stress experiment, the treatment group received 2μl g-1 sunflower oil containing NAP (50 mg kg-1) intraperitoneally and the controls were injected with sunflower oil alone (2μl g-1). Blood samples were obtained from both groups after 3 h. In prolonged stress experiment, 10 μl g-1 of coconut oil containing NAP (50mg kg-1) was implanted and blood samples were obtained 72 h after injection. Results: Both the acute and prolonged exposure induced significant increase in cortisol and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in thyroid hormone T4 levels. Thyroid T3 hormone levels only decreased significantly (P<0.05) after prolonged exposure. Acute exposure resulted in significant decrease (P<0.05) in T3/T4 ratio only in immature fish. On the other hand, prolonged stress increased T3/T4 ratio in immature fish. Conclusion: Changes in the plasma levels of these hormones indicate low physiological capacity and survival potential of fish in waters polluted with naphthalene.}, Keywords = {Hydrocortisone, Naphthalenes, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Thyroid Hormones, Triiodothyronine}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {45-49}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.2.312.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-429-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-429-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {ZandiPak, Raziyeh and SobhanArdakani, Soheil}, title = {Evaluation of Kinetic and Equilibrium Parameters of NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles on Adsorption of Reactive Orange Dye from Water}, abstract ={Background: Among different pollutants released into the environment, dyes are considered as one of the most dangerous contaminants. In recent years, magnetic nanomaterials have attracted much attention for their dye removal capacity. The aim of this study was to explore the adsorption kinetics of an anionic dye (Reactive Orange 13 (RO)) by NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NiFe2O4 NPs) under various conditions. Methods: NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NiFe2O4 NPs) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), pHpzc and BET methods. The adsorption characteristics of the NiFe2O4 NPs adsorbent were examined using Reactive Orange 13 as an adsorbate. The influences of parameters including pH, dose of adsorbent and contact time were investigated to find the optimum adsorption conditions. Results: Decreasing solution pH and increasing contact time were favorable for improving adsorption efficiency. The kinetic and isotherm data of RO adsorption on NiFe2O4 NPs were well fitted by pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. Conclusion: The maximal adsorption capacity of RO was 243.9 mg g-1 at 25◦C and pH 3.0 and the adsorption of RO on the NiFe2O4 NPs follows a monolayer coverage model. NiFe2O4 NPs might be an effective and potential adsorbent for removing anionic dyes from aqueous solutions.}, Keywords = {Chemical Water Pollution, Coloring Agents, Magnetite Nanoparticles, Reactive Orange}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {51-58}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.2.323.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-433-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-433-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Barakizou, Hager and BenRjeb, Yosra and Gannouni, Souha and Bayoudh, Fethi}, title = {Acute Drug Poisoning in Tunisian Children: About 150 Cases}, abstract ={Background: Acute drug poisoning remains an important public health problem and represents the second most frequent accidental disease in children. In this study, we identified epidemiological and clinical features of children admitted for acute drug poisoning and related factors associated with suicidal poisoning. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in the Department of Pediatrics, the Military Hospital, Tunis, over a period of 8 years (2008-2014). Children aged less than 16 yr and admitted for acute drug poisoning were included. Cases of drug addiction were excluded. Two groups were compared: accidental poisoning / suicidal poisoning. Results: We collected 150 cases. The ratio male / female was 1:1.2. The mean age was 4.3 yr. Poisoning was due to one drug in 82% of cases. Children were asymptomatic in 39% of cases, had digestive and neurologic symptoms respectively in 30% and 20% of cases, respectively. Psychotropics came in the first place (20%) followed by paracetamol (16%). Two groups were identified: accidental poisoning (74 %) and suicidal poisoning (26%). Four factors were significantly associated with suicidal poisoning: age &ge; 8 yr (P< 0.001, OR= 16.25, 95% IC : [6.44-40.95]), female gender (P=0.011, OR= 5.4, 95% IC: [2.09-13.91]), multiple drug intake (P < 0.001, OR= 9.42, 95% IC: [3.05-29.03]) and use of psychotropics (P= 0.003, OR=4.81, 95%IC: [2.06-11.26]) . Conclusion: Two groups had to be distinguished: accidental and suicidal drug poisoning. The identification of their characteristics and their predisposing factors is necessary in order to take appropriate preventive actions.}, Keywords = {Drug, Pediatric, Poisoning, Suicide.}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.3.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-465-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-465-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ghoochian, Mehrnaz}, title = {Adsorption of Nile Blue A from Wastewater Using Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies}, abstract ={Background: Synthetic dyes are serious pollutants and wide ranges of methods have been employed for their removal from aquatic systems. We studied the adsorption of "Nile blue A" (NBA), an anionic dye, from aqueous solution by oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Methods: Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize function groups produced at MWCNTs surface. Kinetics and adsorption isotherms of NBA, the effect of temperature, pH, contact time and initial dosage of nanotubes on the adsorption capacity were also assessed. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. Results: Most of the dye was removed in the first 5 min and best adsorption percentage was at pH 7.0. The equilibrium reached at 45 min. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models and the results fitted well with the Freundlich model. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using first-order and the pseudo-second order model and the adsorption kinetic data of NBA dye onto MWCNTs fitted the pseudo-second order model. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained as 169.49 mg g-1. Conclusion: Freundlich model suggested that the adsorption process followed heterogeneous distribution onto MWCNTs and pseudo-second model of adsorption implied that chemical processes controlled the rate-controlling step. Oxidized MWCNTs could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of "Nile Blue A" dye. Oxidization of MWCNTs by nitric acid, improves the efficiency of NBA removal due to increases in functional groups and total number of adsorption sites.}, Keywords = {Carbon Nanotubes, Chemical Water Pollution, Nile Blue, Waste Water.}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {7-12}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.3.7}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-438-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-438-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {karimzadeh, katayoo}, title = {Effects of Beta-Naphthoflavone and 3-Methylcholantheren on Biochemical Markers in Sturgeon Fish, Huso huso}, abstract ={Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a predominant group of contaminants that have been shown to accumulate and persist in marine organisms. We evaluated the dose-dependent induction of the cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) system in the Sturgeon fish, Huso huso after after exposure to PAHs, beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) and 3- methylcholantheren. Methods: The fish were treated by i.p. injections of beta–naphthoflavone and 3- methylcholantheren dissolved in corn oil at three doses 35, 70 and 105 mg/kg wet-body weight respectively for 72 h every day. Similarly, the control fish received injections of only corn oil. Microsomal fraction was prepared and ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) was measured in the fish liver. Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) content was estimated by ELISA based on monoclonal anti-cod P4501A1. Results: Beta-naphthoflovone and 3-methylcholantheren treated-fish developed 15-32 fold increase in Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in liver microsomes. The results of ELISA showed higher levels of cytochrome P4501A content in treated fish as compared to controls. Conclusion: A parallel increase of the CYP1A immunochemically assay and an increase in EROD activity could be recorded for beta –naphthoflavone and 3- methylcholantheren in injected fish. Dose-response relationships on the induction of EROD and CYP1A immunodetectable protein were recorded. Therefore, EROD activity and CYP1A content can be used as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.}, Keywords = {3-Methylcolantheren, Beta–Naphthoflavon, Biomarker, Ethoxyresorufin Deethylase, Huso Huso.}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {13-17}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.3.13}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-436-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-436-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Kumar, Neeraj and Yadav, Anita and Gulati, Sachin and Priya, Kanu and Aggarwal, Neeraj and Gupta, Ranj}, title = {Effects of GST Polymorphism on Ameliorative Effect of Curcumin and Carvacrol against DNA Damage Induced by Combined Treatment of Malathion and Parathion}, abstract ={Background: Organophosphorus pesticides has been widely used in agriculture fields to control various crop insects and their extensive use pose human life at threat because of their adverse effects on human health. In this study, we checked the effects of GST polymorphism on ameliorative effect of curcumin and carvacrol against DNA damages. Methods: Comet assay was used to assess the DNA damage and results were expressed as Tail moment. Heparinised fresh blood from healthy individuals was treated with combined concentration of malathion and parathion (i.e. 30 µg/ml of malathion and 2.5 µg/ml of parathion) in presence of combination of curcumin and carvacrol (25 µg/ml curcumin + 2.5 µg/ml carvacrol and 50 µg/ml curcumin + 5.0 µg/ml carvacrol) in order to observe the ameliorative role of curcumin and carvacrol. Multiplex PCR was performed for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotyping. Results: Curcumin in combination with carvacrol (i.e. 25 µg/ml curcumin + 2.5 µg/ml carvacrol and 50 µg/ml curcumin + 5.0 µg/ml carvacrol) significantly reduced the DNA damage caused by combined action of malathion and parathion which supports their antigenotoxic property. No significant relationship of GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphism with genotoxicity of both the pesticides and antigenotoxic potential of curcumin and carvacrol was observed. Conclusion: Malathion and parathion were genotoxic in human PBL. Curcumin and carvacrol had an antigenotoxic effect against the malathion and parathion while there was not any significant effect of GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphism on genotoxicity of these pesticides and antigenotoxicity of curcumin and carvacrol.}, Keywords = {Carvacrol, Comet Assay, Curcumin, Malathion, Parathion, Tail Moment Genotoxicity.}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {19-27}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.3.19}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-466-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-466-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sakizadeh, Mohamad and Mirzaei, Rouhollah and Ghorbani, Hadi}, title = {Accumulation and Soil-to-Plant Transfer Factor of Lead and Manganese in some Plant Species in Semnan Province, Central Iran}, abstract ={Background: Heavy metals have detrimental effects on the health of human being. The values of manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) in some plant species and soil samples in an arid area of Iran were evaluated in this study. Methods: The values of Pb and Mn in 94 plant samples from 8 plant species and the related soil samples in 2010 were considered in Shahroud and Damghan, central Iran. Moreover, the soil-to-plant transfer factors of these two elements were investigated. Results: Except for barley, the values of Pb in all of the considered plants were higher than the standard level of 0.3 mg/kg. The amounts of Mn in all of the plant species other than pistachio were higher than the standard level of 25 mg/kg. As a whole, the bio-concentration factor of Mn was higher than that of Pb in the study area. Conclusion: None of the soil-to-plant transfer factors exceeded one. Grape recorded the highest amounts of Pb and Mn compared with that of other investigated plant species. However, since its respective bio concentration factor (BCF) was lower than one, it cannot be considered as a hyper accumulator of lead and manganese.}, Keywords = {Bio Concentration Factor, Heavy Metals, Plant, Soil.}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {29-33}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.3.29}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-468-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-468-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sobhanardakani, Soheil}, title = {Evaluation of the Water Quality Pollution Indices for Groundwater Resources of Ghahavand Plain, Hamadan Province, Western Iran}, abstract ={Background: Due to the increasing pollution of water resources, this study was carried out for evaluation of water quality pollution indices for monitoring of heavy metals (As, Zn, Pb and Cu) contamination in Ghahavand Plain, Hamadan Province, Western Iran during spring and summer 2012. Methods: Totally, 20 ground water wells were chosen randomly. The samples were filtered (0.45 &mu;m) and maintained cool in polyethylene bottles. Samples were taken for the analysis of metals, the former was acidified with HNO3 to pH lower than 2. Metal concentrations were determined using ICP-OES. Results: The mean values of Contamination index (Cd), Heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and Heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) in samples for spring season were -2.27, 9.01 and 1.73 respectively and in samples for summer season were -1.95, 8.69 and 2.04 respectively. It indicates low contamination levels. Comparing the mean concentrations of the evaluated metals with WHO permissible limits showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: The mean concentrations of the metals were significantly lower than the permissible limits. Although the heavy metal pollution of the ground water in Ghahavand Plain is lower than WHO permissible limits, but severe precautions consideration such as manage the use of agricultural inputs, prevention of use of wastewater and sewage sludge in agriculture, control of overuse of organic fertilizers and establishment of pollutant industries are recommended in this area.}, Keywords = {Health Effect, Iran, Toxic Metals, Water Quality.}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {35-40}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.3.35}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-463-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-463-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Tasneem, Shoeiba and Kauser, Syeda Hina and Yasmeen, Rafath}, title = {Toxic Effects of Datura Metel Aqueous Leaf Extract on Common Carp – Cyprinu Scarpio, Based on the Histology of Gills and Intestine}, abstract ={Background: To solve the problems caused by using synthetic pesticides in agricultural fields and aquaculture ponds studies are being carried out on the feasibility of using biopesticides or plant extracts, which are less toxic. Extensive research is being carried out by researchers globally to manufacture pesticides using plant extracts. The present study evaluated the effect of Datura metel plant's aqueous leaf extract on histological changes in gill and intestine of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Methods: Twenty-four hour LC50 value was determined by standard methods and was calculated as 100 ppm. The fishes were exposed to sublethal concentration (1/10th of 24 h LC 50 value i.e., 10 ppm) for a period of 14 d. After 7 and 14 d, the gill and intestine were dissected out from both the exposed and control groups and were processed and sectioned at 4 µm and stained with H & E stain. The slides were then observed under 40 x magnification. Results: The exposed gills showed vacuolation, bending of secondary gill lamellae, and cell masses between the secondary gill lamellae thickened to such an extent that interlamellar spaces were completely occluded. Intestines demonstrated narrowing of lumen, vacuolation, inflammation and rupture of epithelium. The pathological changes were more severe after 14 days of exposure in both the tissues. Conclusion: Aqueous leaf extract of D. metel can be used as an agrochemical. Because of its toxicity its usage should be monitored well.}, Keywords = {Cyprinus Carpio, Datura Metel, Gills, Intestines, Pesticides.}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {41-46}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.3.41}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-445-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-445-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Timcheh-Hariri, Alireza and Balali-Mood, Mahdi and Sadeghi, Mahmood and Lari, Niloofar and Riahi-Zanjani, Bam}, title = {Comparison of ELISA and TLC Methods for the Morphine Detection in Urine of Drug Abusers}, abstract ={Background: The current study was conducted to compare ELISA with thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods for diagnosis of morphine in the urine. Methods: Positive urine samples for morphine confirmed by immunochromatographic strips were collected from the Imam Reza Toxicology Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran in 2012 for the current study. Then, the collated urine samples (70) were analyzed by both ELISA and TLC methods. Results: On analyzing samples by TLC, 57 out of 70 (81.4%) revealed morphine spot, whereas by ELISA method all samples were positive. The difference was statisticaly significant (P=0.0001). Both immunoassays had the same 100% positive results. The possible 18.6% false positive results might be due to drug interactions. TLC is more specific but time-consuming and less sensitive than ELISA is. However, TLC is an old method but more reliable than ELISA. Conclusion: Contrary to the claim that commercially available ELISA kits have a high specificity for detection of morphine derivatives; it seems that false positive results may occur. It is thus recommended that all positive results obtained from ELISA be checked by a cheap widely available confirmation test of TLC or ideally by a quantitative technique such as GC-Mass spectroscopy, particularly for legal purposes.}, Keywords = {Confirmation Test, ELISA, Morphine, TLC, Urine.}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {47-50}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.3.47}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-494-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-494-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Astereki, Shokufeh and Kamarehie, Bahram and Jafari, Ali}, title = {2-Chlorophenol Removal of Aqueous Solution Using Advanced Oxidation Processes Resulting from Iron/ Persulfate and Ultra Violet/ Persulfate}, abstract ={Background: Advanced oxidation processes are used to remove toxic aromatic compounds with low biodegradability, such as 2-chlorophenol. This study investigates the use of Sulfate (SO4-) and persulfate (S2O82-) radicals, as one of the advanced oxidation methods, to remove 2- chlorophenol from aquatic solutions. Materials and Methods: This experimental and pilot-scale study was carried out using two chemical batch reactors one of the reactors equipped with UV lamps and the other was on the hot plate. In Iron/ Persulfate (Fe/S2O82- ) and Ultra violet/ Persulfate (UV/S2O82- ) processes different parameters were investigated. Results: The results show that iron, UV, the initial pH of the solution, persulfate concentration have considerable effects on the elimination of 2-chlorophenol in both processes. In both processes, the maximum elimination occurred in acidic conditions. The elimination efficiency increased by increasing the concentration of 2-chlorophenol and UV intensity, and also by decreasing the concentration of persulfate and iron. Accordingly, in Iron/ persulfate and Ultra violet/ persulfate processes 2-chlorophenol was eliminated with 99.96% and 99.58% efficiencies, respectively. Conclusion: Sulfate radicals which are produced from activated persulfate ions with hot-Fe ion and UV radiation have significant impact on the removal of 2-chlorophenol. Therefore, the processes of Fe/S2O82- and UV/S2O82- can be regarded as good choices for industrial wastewater treatment plants operators in the future.}, Keywords = {2-Chlorophenol, Iron, Persulfate, Radical Sulfate, UV Radiation}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.4.219.2}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-486-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-486-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Baghshani, Hasan and Ghodsi, Vahide}, title = {Evaluation of some Enzymatic Changes in the Liver and Kidney of Rats Following Exposure to Sublethal Concentration of Potassium Cyanide}, abstract ={Background: Besides acute lethal cyanide poisoning, its chronic intoxication may also produce some pathologic effects on different tissues that precedes alterations in biochemical parameters. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of sublethal cyanide exposure on some tissue enzyme activities in liver and kidney of rats. Methods: Twelve male rats were divided into two groups as follows: Group 1 rats served as control. Rats in group 2 received water containing 200 ppm inorganic cyanide. At the end of the experiment (42 days), hepatic and renal activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and rhodanese were measured. Results: Potassium cyanide administration caused elevation of all measured liver enzymes in group 2, although the increase was only significant for AST and ALT activities as compared to control values (P<0.05). Moreover, renal AST activity in rats from group 2 was significantly higher than those from controls. Conclusion: The altered tissue activities of some enzymes in the present study might reflect the metabolic disturbances due to cyanide intoxication in studied organs. However, further research should be focused on this issue for better understanding of the fine mechanism of cyanide effects upon metabolic enzyme activities.}, Keywords = {Cyanide Poisoning, Rat, Tissue Enzyme}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-12}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.4.359.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-491-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-491-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Hassanshahian, Mehdi}, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Diazinon Degrading Bacteria from Contaminated Agriculture Soils}, abstract ={Background: Organic agricultural pesticides are so stable in ecosystems and biosphere. These compounds affect soil conditions and agricultural products. The aim of this study was isolation of diazinon-degrading bacteria from Kerman pistachio orchards, Southeastern Iran. Methods: Diazinon-degrading bacteria were enriched in Bushnell-Hass medium. Identification and sequencing of prevalent degrading strains was performed using PCR based on amplifying of 16s rDNA. Results: The soil of pistachio orchard has some degrading bacteria that are suitable for elimination of diazinon from soil and environment. Three diazinon-degrading bacteria strains belong to: Pseudomonas putida strain D3, P. fluorescens strain D1 and Achromobacter piechaudii strain D8. The best degrading strain (D1), up to 100 ppm, illustrated a good growth, whereas more than this concentration, the growth was reduced. The results of Gas-Chromatography (GC) confirmed the decomposition of organic pesticide by degrading-bacteria. Conclusion: The results of Gas-Chromatography (GC) confirmed the decomposition of organic pesticide by degrading-bacteria. Using these strains and other biological reclamation methods we can eliminate bio-environmental problems.}, Keywords = {Agricultural Pesticide, Degrading Bacteria, Diazinon}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {13-20}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.4.357.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-487-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-487-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Keramati, Mohammad Reza and Sadeghian, Mohammad Hadi and Ayatollahi, Hossein and Basharati, Mohammad Hosein and Jalili, Mahshid and BalaliMood, Mahdi}, title = {Evaluation of JAK2 (V617F) Mutation in Iranian Veterans with Delayed Complications of Sulphur Mustard Poisoning}, abstract ={Background: Sulfur mustard was the most widely applied chemical warfare agent by the Iraqi army in Iran–Iraq war (1983-1988). Considering the role of sulfur mustard toxicity in hematopoietic neoplasms and also new role of JAK2 mutation in these neoplasms, we assessed this mutation and delayed hematologic complications in veterans exposed to sulfur mustard. Methods: This case control study was performed in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran in collaboration with Janbasan Foundation of Khorasan Razavi, Iran in 2012. The case group consists of 42 patients who exposed to sulfur mustard about 30 yr ago and the control group includes 30 healthy persons. For all subjects complete blood counts and ARMSpolymerase chain reaction for JAK2 (V617F) mutation was carried out. Data were analyzed by statistical software using independent sample t-testand Mann- Whitney U test. Results: JAK2 (V617F) mutation was detected, neither in the sulfur mustardveterans nor in the control group.  Moreover no significant difference was detected in hematologic parameters between the two groups. Conclusion: Despite sulfur mustard can increase risk of tumor genesis especially hematologic neoplasms but this is probablyas result of other genetic mechanism apart from JAK2 mutation. Considering the health and importance of preventive measure for the sulfur mustard victims, we suggest other genetic aspects of tumor genesis to be assessed in these patients.}, Keywords = {Hematologic, Iran, JAK2, Mutation, Sulfur Mustard}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {21-24}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.4.355.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-485-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-485-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Mohiseni, Mohammad and Asayesh, SeiedehSara and ShafieeBazarnoie, Saeedeh and Mohseni, Fatemeh and Moradi, Nahid and Matouri, Mahbubeh and Mirzaee, Nurieh}, title = {Biochemical Alteration Induced by Cadmium and Lead in Common Carp via an Experimental Food Chain}, abstract ={Background: Evaluation on the toxicity of two mainly contaminant heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through the food chain was the aim of this study. Methods: A total number of 270 healthy common carp (4±1.14 g) in April, 2015 transported to the Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran. Fishes were divided into three groups and transferred to the 20 L aquaria each containing 30 juveniles. The first group (control) fed by metal-free Artemia fransiscan anauplii throughout the experiment. The second and third groups were feeding by Cd and Pb (1.5 mg/L free ion) contaminated nauplia, respectively. The experimental study was carried out for three weeks and sampling was done in 4th, 7th, 14th and 21st days. Finally, the alterations in plasma biochemical responses were determined. Results: Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities increased in response to feeding Pb-contaminated nauplia. Creatine phosphokinase activity showed significant increase in fourth day about both Cd and Pb and at the end of experiment only in Cd treatment (P<0.05). Cholesterol and triglyceride were increased significantly only for Pb (P<0.05). Plasma glucose and creatinine levels increased by both heavy metals compared to the control but glucose just remained high only for Pb at the end of the experiment. Total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly declined in both metal contaminated groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems Pb had a greater toxicity than Cd through the food chain and it may be due to its more trophic transfer than Cd.}, Keywords = {Biochemical Alteration, Common Carp, Food Chain, Heavy Metal}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {25-32}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.4.345.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-471-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-471-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Shokoohi, Reza and Azizi, Salah and Ghiasian, Seyed Amir and Poormohammadi, Ali}, title = {Biosorption of Pentachlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions by Aspergillus Niger Biomass}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to investigate the biosorption of pentachlorophenol on Aspergillus niger biomass as a method for removal of pentachlorophenol from aqueous solutions. Methods: Modified A. niger biomass with NaOH was used to absorb the pentachlorophenol. The impacts of various experimental parameters like primary pentachlorophenol concentration, pH of the solution, contact time, and biomass dosage on the biosorption of pentachlorophenol were investigated. Results: The correlation of contact time, pH and initial concentration with the biosorption of pentachlorophenol by A. niger biomass was statistically significant (P<0.001). Pentachlorophenol removal increased with decreasing pH of the solution and the maximum efficiency was obtained at pH=3. The equilibrium adsorption capacity was increased from 4.23 to 11.65 mg/g by increasing initial pentachlorophenol concentration from 10 to 40 mg/L, while pentachlorophenol removal efficiency decreased from 87 to 55%. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms efficiently described adsorption equilibrium of pentachlorophenol on A. niger biomass. Correlation coefficients for the second order kinetic model were almost equal to one. Conclusion: A. niger biomass can be used to reduce the toxicity of aqueous solutions containing pentachlorophenol in acidic pH conditions.}, Keywords = {Absorption, Aspergillus niger, Carcinogenic, Pentachlorophenol}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {33-39}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.4.337.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-461-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-461-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sobhanardakani, Soheil and Ghoochian, Mehrnaz}, title = {Analysis of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments from Agh Gel Wetland, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Soil and sediment serve as major reservoir for contaminants as they possess ability to bind various chemicals together. In this study the concentrations of heavy metals Cd, Cr and Cu were analyzed in surface sediments of Agh Gel Wetland in west of Iran. Methods: The sediment samples were taken from 10 stations. The samples were subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning and Cd, Cr and Cu concentrations of the sediments were determined by ICP-OES. Geo-accumulation index (I-geo), Contamination factor (CF) and Pollution load index (PLI) were used to evaluate the magnitude of contaminants in the sediment profile. Results: The mean sediment concentrations (mg kg-1 dry weight) ranged within 0.20-0.29 (Cd), 58-71 (Cr) and 23-36 (Cu). According to the I-geo values, the sediments' qualities are classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted category. According to the CF values, the sediments' qualities are classified as low to moderate contamination. Furthermore, the PLI values indicated that there were no metal pollution exists for all sampling stations. Conclusion: The Agh Gel Wetland is potential to be threatened by chemical pollutants such as agricultural effluent. So to preserve the environment of the Agh Gel Wetland from deterioration, periodically monitoring of the water and sediment qualities is recommended.}, Keywords = {Agh Gel Wetland, Anthropogenic, Geochemical Indices, Heavy Metals, Sediment}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {41-46}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.4.210.10}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-467-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-467-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Zamani, Nasim and Modir-FallahRad, Leila and Soltaninejad, Kambiz and Shadnia, Shahi}, title = {A Retrospective Study on Snakebite Victims in a Tertiary Referral Center}, abstract ={Background: Snakebite is a serious public health problem in the world. The annual incidence of snakebites ranges from 4.5-9.1 in 100,000 population in Iran. With regard to diversity of envenomation profiles in different geographical parts of Iran, the aim of this study was to determine the demographical data, clinical and laboratory findings, and the outcome of the snakebite victims referred to a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study in Loghman Hakim Hospital Poisoning Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, during a four-year period from March 2007 to March 2011. The demographic data, clinical manifestations, paraclinical findings, treatments performed before hospital admission, time elapsed between the bite and hospital admission, total dose of antivenom and the patients’ outcomes were investigated. Results: Seventy cases (58 males, 12 females) were evaluated. Most of the cases (79%) were older than 20 year old. The most common bite site was upper extremity (67%). Most of the patients were admitted within 5 h after the snakebite. The most common local and systemic manifestations were swelling (90%), pain (81.4%), nausea and vomiting (24.3%). Leukocytosis (35.7%) and thrombocytopenia (25.7%) were the most common laboratory abnormalities. Most of the patients (97.1%) were treated with antivenom. Fifty percent of the patients only received 3-5 vials of antivenom. The mortality rate was 1.4%. Necrosis of the toes and compartment syndrome were the only serious complications. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of early admission to the hospital and treatment with antivenom to avoid morbidity and mortality.}, Keywords = {Antivenins, Iran, Snake Bites, Snakes, Snake Venoms}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {47-50}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.10.4.332.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-446-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-446-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ganjali, Saeed and Ghasemi, Ami}, title = {Heavy Metal Contamination in the Sediments of Anzali International Wetland, Northern Iran Based on Type Regional Development}, abstract ={Background: The most important factors and problems threatening the Anzali Wetland are the contaminant load and sediments entering the wetland, as well as lack of an integrated management plan for this wetland. The main objectives of the current research were to explore whether there are significant differences in concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Pb in surface sediments among different sites (based on type region development) of the Anzali Wetland, Northern Iran. Methods: Through a field study, samples were collected from 10 stations based on the type of regional development and contaminant source inputs of Anzali Wetland in 2015. Using a hot-block digester, the sediment samples were digested with a 4:1 combination of nitric acid (HNO3) and perchloric acid (HCLO4) for one hour at 40 °C, followed by 3 h at 140 °C. Afterwards, samples were filtered with Whatman 42, filter paper and the filtrate was kept in polyethylene containers at 4 °C, until analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results: Mean ± SD levels of metals in the sediments of different stations were 26.7 ± 3.49 (lead), 4.36 ± 0.47 (cadmium), and 88.44 ± 10.06 (zinc) μg g-1 dw. There was a significant difference between the stations of the wetland (P < 0.05). This difference could be due to the variations in the input of contaminant sources into the Anzali Wetland. Conclusions: The areas, affected by urban and industrial developments, had the highest level of contamination while the agricultural and less-developed areas had the lowest level of contamination, and therefore, protective plans must be implemented in developed areas in order to lower the level of heavy metals.}, Keywords = {Heavy Metal, Iran, Regional Developments, Sediments.}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.5.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-484-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-484-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Gharibi, Somayyeh and Nabipour, Iraj and Kim, Euikyung and Ghafari, Seyede Maryam and Hoseiny, Seyed Mehdi and Kamyab, Mostafa and Seyedian, Rami}, title = {Characterization and Pharmacological Activities of Jellyfish, Chrysaora hysoscella Captured in Bushehr Port, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Cutaneous reactions like pruritus and erythema are common in warm months of the year in Bushehr Port, Persian Gulf, Iran due to jellyfish envenomation. This study reports isolation of the Chrysaora hysoscella nematocysts and evaluating its pharmacological activities during a bloom in 2013. Methods: The venom of C. hysoscella captured in Jofre area in Bushehr port was analyzed. The electrophoretic profile was assessed by SDS-PAGE (12.5%) and the crude sample was analyzed using reverse phase HPLC. Caseinase activity was also determined. Results: After separation of tentacles and isolation of their nematocysts, three different major protein components were revealed at 72-250 kDa with SDS-PAGE, signifying the presence of peptides in its venom. Two major peaks at 8.62 and 11.23 min were observed in reverse phase HPLC of the crude venom denoting protease peptide structural identities. Caseinase activity of C. hysoscella's venom was extremely low as compared with other jellyfish venoms. Conclusion: This was the first report on the structural examination of jellyfish in Persian Gulf and may pave the way for determination and separation of destructive enzymes inducing cutaneous reactions in fishermen and swimmers.}, Keywords = {Caseinase, Cnidarian Venoms, Nematocyst, Scyphozoa, Sea Nettle.}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {7-10}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.5.7}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-508-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-508-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Jafarnia, Afrooz and Soodi, Maliheh and Shekarchi, Maryam}, title = {Determination and Comparision of Hydroxymethylfurfural in Industrial and Traditional Date Syrup Products}, abstract ={Background: Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a common Maillard reaction product directly formed from dehydration of sugars under acidic conditions during heating and storage in carbohydrate rich foods. The aim of the present study was to detect and quantify the amount of HMF in date syrup by HPLC method. In addition, the amount of HMF in date syrup produced by traditional and industrial methods were compared. Methods: A HPLC method for determination of HMF in date syrup was developed and validated. The amount of HMF in date syrup products produced by the traditional and industrial methods was compared. In addition, to determine whether HMF was produced during storage in date syrup, its amount was measured in fresh and old samples. Results: The HMF content of fresh traditional products varied between 1000 to 2675 mg⁄kg and in the old products varied between 2580 to 6450 mg⁄kg. The HMF concentration of the fresh industrial products varied between 12 to 456 mg⁄kg and 611 to 943 mg⁄kg in the old ones. The HMF concentration of the traditionally produced products was significantly higher than industrial products (P<0.001). Moreover, the HMF content in old products significantly was more than fresh ones (P<0.001). Wide variation was found in HMF content of the traditionally produced products. Conclusion: HMF was produced in date syrup during preparation and storage. Because HMF is recognized as an indicator of quality deterioration in a wide range of foods and is still under investigation for possible toxic effects, it is recommended that the amount of HMF is measured in date syrup and considered as an indicator of the quality control of this product.}, Keywords = {5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), Date syrup, HPLC, Industrial product, Traditional product.}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {11-16}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.5.11}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-490-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-490-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ojo, Oluwafemi Adeleke and Ojo, Adebola Busola and Ajiboye, Basiru and Olayide, Israel and Fadaka, Adewale}, title = {Helianthus annuus Leaf Ameliorates Postprandial Hyperglycaemia by Inhibiting Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes Associated with Type-2 Diabetes}, abstract ={Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease. Decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia by retarding glucose absorption through inhibiting carbohydrates digesting enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) is one of many approaches used for the management of this disease. This study was aimed at evaluating the normoglycaemic potential of Helianthus annuus leaf. Methods: The effect of the in vitro inhibitory of different extracts (acetone, ethyl acetate and hexane) of the plant was assessed on the activities of diabetes-related enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase). Results: The hexane extract of H. annuus leaf displayed the best inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase as indicated by the IC50 values (3.92 ± 0.02 mg mL-1) and (3.29 ± 0.12 mg mL-1), respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plot of inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by this extract showed that it was competitive and non-competitive mode, respectively. Conclusion: H. annuus leaf possesses hypoglycaemic potential which may be due to the inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase.}, Keywords = {α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, Helianthus Annuus, Postprandial Hyperglycaemia.}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {17-22}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.5.17}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-505-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-505-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, Mohammad and TohidiMoghadam, Mahmou}, title = {Determination of Heavy Metal in Agricultural Soils near and Far From the Cement Factory in Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Heavy metals (HMs) are one of the most important polluting substances emitted to the environment during cement production. Tehran Cement Factory located in the southeastern of Tehran, Iran, closer to agricultural lands cultivates alfalfa, barley, and maize as feed. The objective of the study was to determine the concentration of HMs in agricultural soils. Methods: Thirty six soil samples were collected from two regions of Aminabad (close to the cement factory) and Varamin (far from cement factory) in 2015. The samples were taken from a depth of 0-15 cm and analyzed to determine their HM (zinc, lead, cadmium and chromium) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Other relevant parameters of soil were evaluated, such as; pH, EC, TOM. Results: The concentration of HMs in both regions was as follows: Pb> Zn > Cr > Cd. Generally, the soil alfalfa, barley and maize, there was no significant difference. Conclusion: These data provide information on HM accumulations in agricultural soils and allow us to identify sources of pollution. In the industrial area due to the proximity to cement factory, concentration of zinc, lead, chromium, pH and EC were more than non-contaminated areas.}, Keywords = {Agricultural Soils, Cement Factory, Heavy Metal, Iran.}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {23-26}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.5.23}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-509-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-509-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {SaidElshama, Said and Osman, Hosam-Eldin Hussein and El-Kenawy, Ayman El-Meghawry}, title = {Renoprotective Effects of Naringenin and Olive Oil against Cyclosporine- Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats}, abstract ={Background: Prolonged use of cyclosporine A for prevention of allograft rejection is associated with nephrotoxicity development. Naringenin and olive oil are beneficial dietary antioxidants with potential renoprotective properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of naringenin and olive oil in alleviating cyclosporine induced nephrotoxicity in rats by the assessment of renal function and lesions, and redox status parameters. Methods: Eighty adult male rats were divided into four groups during a 45 days treatment period; control group received saline; the second group treated with 25 mg/kg/d of cyclosporine while the third and fourth groups received 100 mg/kg/d of naringenin and 1.25 ml/kg/d of virgin olive oil respectively, together with the same cyclosporine dose. Results: Cyclosporine-treated rats presented renal dysfunction and damage, as viewed by the elevated serum markers of renal function and kidney histopathological lesions, when compared to the control animals with an increase in the blood cyclosporine level and impaired redox status parameters. Conclusion: Co-administration of naringenin or virgin olive oil with cyclosporine alleviated nephrotoxicity by serum urea and creatinine levels reduction, renal lesions amelioration, as well as the improved antioxidant parameters. Naringenin and virgin olive oil have potential to act as natural renoprotective agents against cyclosporine -induced nephrotoxicity.}, Keywords = {Cyclosporine, Naringenin, Nephrotoxicity, Olive Oil.}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {27-37}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.5.27}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-496-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-496-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Srivastav, Ajai Kumar and Srivastav, Shilpi and Suzuki, Nobuo}, title = {Acute Toxicity of a Heavy Metal Cadmium to an Anuran, the Indian Skipper Frog Rana cyanophlyctis}, abstract ={Background: There has been increasing awareness throughout the world regarding the remarkable decrease in amphibian population. For such amphibian population decline several causes have been given. Cadmium, a heavy metal is released both from natural sources (leaching of cadmium rich soils) and anthropogenic activities to the aquatic and terrestrial environments. This study evaluated the toxicity of heavy metal cadmium to Indian skipper frog Rana cyanophlyctis. Methods: For the determination of LC50 values for cadmium, four-day static renewal acute toxicity test was used. Five replicates each containing ten frogs were subjected to each concentration of cadmium chloride (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 mg/L). At different exposure periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h), the mortality of the frog was subjected to Probit analysis with the POLO-PC software (LeOra Software) to calculate the LC50 and 95% confidence level. Results: The LC50 values of cadmium chloride for the frog R. cyanophlyctis at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h are 32.586, 29.994, 27.219 and 23.048 mg/L, respectively. The results have been discussed with the toxicity reported for other aquatic vertebrate --fish. Conclusion: Cadmium caused mortality to the frog and this could be one of the reasons for population decline of frogs which inhabit water contaminated with heavy metals.}, Keywords = {Amphibia, Cadmium, Heavy Metal, LC50, Toxicity.}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {39-43}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.5.39}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-506-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-506-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {ZadehHashem, Elham and Koohi, Mohammad Kazem and Eslami, Mohsen and Asadi, Farzad and TalebZadeh, Reza and Khodadadi, Mina and Hassani-Dizaj, Sepideh}, title = {Ameliorative Role of Palmitoleic Acid on Palmitate Induced Lipotoxicity in the Rat Cardiomyocytes}, abstract ={Background: Co-supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) with saturated FAs may decrease the adverse effects of saturated FA-induced lipotoxicity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of palmitoleic acid (unsaturated fatty acid) on palmitic acid (saturated fatty acid) induced lipotoxicity criteria in the primary culture of adult rat cardiomyocytes. Methods: Cells were treated with 0.5 mM palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic + palmitoleic acids or remained untreated. The values of cellular triacylglycerol (TAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), DNA fragmentation and cellular viability were evaluated over 24 h, 48 h and 72 h time points. Results: Co-administration of palmitic and palmitoleic acids increased TAG values over 48 h and 72 h time points compared to the palmitic acid (34.37% and 62.79%, respectively; P <0.001), while decreased DAG values (18.85% and 29.42%, respectively; P <0.01). Moreover, palmitoleic acid decreased DNA fragmentation and increased viability when administrated with palmitic acid (P <0.05). Conclusion: Palmitoleic acid may be beneficial for diminishing adverse effects of palmitic acid in the rat cardiomyocytes through alterations in the molecule signaling levels. }, Keywords = {Cardiomyocyte, Lipotoxicity, Palmitic Acid, Palmitoleic Acid, Rat.}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {45-52}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.5.45}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-499-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-499-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Banaee, Mahdi and NemadoostHaghi, Behzad and Tahery, Somayeh and Shahafve, Shima and Vaziriyan, Maryam}, title = {Effects of Sub-Lethal Toxicity of Paraquat on Blood Biochemical Parameters of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)}, abstract ={Background: Paraquat is a non-selective contact herbicide, widely used to control weeds in agriculture farms and aquatic plants in surface waters. Paraquat can have adverse effects on the health of aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to detect the alterations in the blood biochemical parameters of common carp exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of commercial formulations of paraquat. Methods: The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (0.2 and 0.4 mg.L-1) of paraquat for 21 days. Biochemical parameters including glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities were measured. Results: A significantly increase was observed in AST activity in fish exposed to 0.4 mg.L-1 paraquat. Paraquat caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in plasma ALT, LDH and CPK activities and plasma creatinine levels. Although ALP activity significantly (P < 0.05) increased in fish exposed to 0.2 mg.L-1 paraquat, the fish exposed to 0.4mg.L-1 paraquat exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in ALP activity. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in GGT activity, total protein, albumin and globulin levels as well as cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed in fish exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of paraquat. Conclusion: Exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of paraquat may cause changes in blood biochemical parameters in common carp.}, Keywords = {Biochemical parameters, Common carp, Paraquat}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.6.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-517-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-517-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Bazargani-Gilani, Behnaz and Pajohi-Alamoti, Mohamadreza and Bahari, Aliasghar and Sari, Abas Ali}, title = {Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in the Livers and Kidneys of Slaughtered Cattle, Sheep and Goats}, abstract ={Background: This study was performed to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in the livers and kidneys of cattle, sheep and goats from a mining region in the west of Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 90 samples were collected from the livers and kidneys of cattle (n=30), sheep (n=30) and goats (n=30) from a slaughterhouse in Hamedan City, western Iran. Lead, cadmium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Results: Lead concentration exceeded the permissible limit in all samples. Cadmium level was within the permissible limit in most samples, except for the cattle and sheep kidneys. Iron concentration was normal in all samples, except for sheep livers and kidneys. The rest of the elements (manganese, zinc and copper) were within the safe range. There were no sex and age-related significant differences in metal concentrations of cattle samples. The highest effects of age and sex were observed in sheep samples. Conclusion: The soil of these areas contains high level of lead and cadmium, contaminating the plants, water and animals of these regions; therefore, precise care and health inspection of livestock in these areas are recommended.}, Keywords = {Environmental Pollution, Heavy Metals, Liver, Kidney, Ruminants}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {7-13}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.6.7}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-523-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-523-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ghashghaee, Mohammad and Farzaneh, Vahi}, title = {Removal of Cr(VI) Species from Aqueous Solution by Different Nanoporous Materials}, abstract ={Background: The removal of toxic metals from sewage and wastewaters is one of the most important concerns in the twenty first century. The removal of poisonous Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by different low-cost available nanoporous adsorbents was investigated in the present study.  Methods: Fumed silica, bentonite (BN), hydrotalcite (HT), MCM-41, Na-Y, mordenite (MOR) and SAPO-34 were used at different adsorbent-to-metal ion ratios. Two predominant species of Cr were considered including chromate and hydrogen chromate ions. Results: Both HT and Na-Y adsorbed the toxic bichromate ions more favorably than other sorbents. Overall, the efficiency of the Cr removal followed the sequence of HT > SAPO-34 > MOR > MCM-41 > Na-Y > silica > BN. Because of its surface chemistry, HT with an uptake of 65.2 mg/g showed the highest toxic abatement among the seven adsorbents investigated under the acidic conditions, followed by the microporous materials SAPO-34 and MOR with uptakes of 41.2 and 41.0 mg/g, respectively. Conclusion: Both HT and Na-Y adsorbed the toxic bichromate ions more favorably than other sorbents. The high pore volume and the apparent surface area of a non-functionalized MCM-41 were not effective in the adsorption of Cr compounds. Overall, HT was the best choice owing to its appropriate surface chemistry with respect to the Cr oxygenates.}, Keywords = {Adsorption, Clays, Chromium, Environment, Toxic Metals, Zeolites}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {15-21}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.6.15}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-507-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-507-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Jahangard, Amin and Sohrabi, Mojgan and Beigmohammadi, Zahr}, title = {Sorption of Lead (II) Ions on Activated Coconut Husk}, abstract ={Background: In recent years, various toxic chemicals/compounds have been widely detected at dangerous levels in drinking water in many parts of the world posing a variety of serious health risks to human beings. One of these toxic chemicals is lead, so this paper aimed to evaluate of efficiency coconut husk as cheap adsorbent for removal lead under different conditions. Methods: In the spring of 2015, batch studies were performed in laboratory (Branch of Hamadan, Islamic Azad University,) to evaluate the influences of various experimental parameters like pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and the effect of temperature on the adsorption capacity of coconut husk for removal lead from aqueous solution. Results: Optimum conditions for Pb (II) removal were pH 6, adsorbent dosage 1g/100ml of solution and equilibrium time 120 min. The adsorption isotherm was also affected by temperature since the adsorption capacity was increased by raising the temperature from 25 to 45 °C. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm was better described by Freuindlich adsorption isotherm model. Conclusion: It is evident from the literature survey that coconut-based biosorbents have shown good potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants.  Coconut husk-based activated carbon can be a promising adsorbent for removal of Pb from aqueous solutions.}, Keywords = {Biosorption, Coconut Husk, Pb (II), Water Pollution}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {23-29}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.6.23}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-489-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-489-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Janadeleh, Habib and Kardani, Masoumeh}, title = {Heavy Metals Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment for Three Common Species of Fish from Karkheh River, Iran}, abstract ={Background: The concentrations of heavy metals in the tissues and organs of fishes indicate the concentrations of heavy metals in water and their accumulation in food chains. In the present study, the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, V and Pb in three common species of fish and the potential health risks to local residents via consumption of the fishes were estimated.  Methods: The concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, V and Pb) in the muscles, heart, liver, and gills of Liza abu, Barbus grypus and Cyprinus carpio, collected from Karkheh River, Southern Iran were measured. Associated human health risk was also evaluated by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) of muscle tissues. Results: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals was the highest in the livers followed by gills, heart and muscle. Zn was the most accumulated metal in liver of C. Carpio while Cd had the lowest concentration in the muscle of L. abu. There were significant differences in metal concentration among different fish and different tissues (P<0.05).Zinc showed the highest concentrations in different tissues of all analyzed fish, while Cd had the lowest concentration in all tissue samples. The hazard quotients from consumption of the collected fish did not exceed the limit of 1.0. Conclusion: The present study was a large-scale investigation of heavy metals in three common species of fish in Karkheh River. Occasional consumption of these fish is not likely to cause adverse effects. However, hazard indices for C. carpio and Liza abu were 1.751 and 1.21, respectively, which implies that continuous and excessive intake of these fish could result in chronic non-carcinogenic adverse effects.}, Keywords = {Chemical Water Pollutants, Fishes, Heavy Metals, Iran}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {31-37}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.6.31}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-482-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-482-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Masomi, Fatemeh and Hassanshahian, Mehdi}, title = {Antimicrobial Activity of Five Medicinal Plants on Candida Albicans}, abstract ={Background: In recent years, drug resistance to human pathogenic fungi has been increased. Medicinal plants are one way to overcome antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal and inhibitory activity of five medicinal plants on the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: This study was done in the Microbiology Lab of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran in 2015. Five medicinal plants include: Trachyspermum ammi (seed), Teucrium polium (leaf), Piper nigrum (seed), Pistachia vera (skin), Camelia sinensis (leaf) were collected. Collected plant materials were extracted by ethanol and methanol solvent with maceration method. Antifungal activity of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts was evaluated by paper disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods. Besides, MIC and MBC of each extract was determined. Results: All plant extracts had sufficient inhibitory effect against C. albicans but the extracts of P. vera had the best inhibitory effect on C. albicans (ZOI: 40 mm). The lowest antifungal effect between these five plants related to Piper nigrum (ZOI: 13 mm). Besides, the P. vera extracts had the best MIC and MBC values (6.25 and 12.5 mg/ml). Conclusion: This study strongly evidence the maximum antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants against C. albicans that this inhibitory effect varies with the different solvent-extract form. A more comprehensive study need to identify the effective compounds that have these antifungal properties.}, Keywords = {Antibiotic, Antifungal Activity, Extracts, Medicinal Plants, Inhibitory Effect}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {39-43}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.6.39}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-513-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-513-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Nejadrahim, Rahim and Delirrad, Mohamm}, title = {Foodborne Botulism: A Study of 57 Cases in Northwest Iran}, abstract ={Background: Foodborne botulism (FBB) is a rare paralyzing disease caused by ingestion of foods contaminated with botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). It is still a health concern in many countries. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of FBB in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Methods: Botulism surveillance data of the Health Deputy of Urmia Medical Sciences University, northwestern Iran was used in this retrospective survey from 2010 to 2014. Demographics, clinical features, bioassay results, implicated foods and outcome were analyzed. Clinically, patients were classified to three groups (mild, moderate, and severe). Results: During the five years, 57 cases of FBB were identified involving 36 men (63.2%) and 21 women (37.8%). Mean age was 22.35±17.84 yr. Most events were sporadic (86%). Bioassay confirmed serotype A of BoNT in 19 patients (33.3%). The most implicated food was locally-made cheese (n=10). Average incubation period was 24.35±12.35 h. Clinically, mild, moderate and severe forms were observed in 68.4%, 19.3% and 12.3% of patients, respectively. All cases were hospitalized and treated with trivalent antitoxin. Mean hospital stay was 7.71±3.94 days Eight patients (14%) required mechanical ventilation and three of them deceased (5.3%). Median annual incidence rate of FBB was 0.37 cases per 100,000 population in this study. Conclusion: Comparing other part of the world, FBB has a medium incidence rate in our province. Unpasteurized dairy products are the main causative foods and BoNT/A is the most commonly recognized toxin type. Promoting correct preservation and appropriate cooking are recommended for preventing FBB.}, Keywords = {Botulinum Neurotoxin, Botulism, Foodborne, Epidemiology, Iran}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {45-50}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.6.45}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-525-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-525-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Jain, Deepak and Mittal, Ashim}, title = {Hair Dye Poisoning: Case Report and Review of Literature}, abstract ={Background: Hair dye poisoning, with main toxic component paraphenylene diamine, is a medical emergency. It is on increasing trend in developing countries due to wide availability and low cost of hair dyes. It carries a high mortality and does not have any specific antidote. Case Report:  Twenty three years old patient presented with breathelessness along with difficulty in speaking for one hour after consuming hair dye. He developed cervicofacial edema followed by rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria and acute kidney injury, classical of hair dye poisoning. Laboratory investigations revealed blood urea of 100 mg/dl and serum creatinine of 3.8 mg/dl. The serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were 1230 U/L and urine myoglobin was positive. He was treated conservatively for acute kidney injury and discharged in stable condition. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of poisoning due to hair dyes leads to improved prognosis, so widespread awareness is needed about this emerging form of poisoning.}, Keywords = {Acute Kidney Injury, Hair Dye, Para-Phenylene Diamine, Rhabdomyolysis}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {51-53}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/arakmu.10.6.51}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-512-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-512-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2016} }