@article{ author = {Ahmadi, Zahra and Ashrafizadeh, Mil}, title = {Down Regulation of Osteocalcin Gene in Chickens Treated with Cadmium}, abstract ={Background: Cadmium is one of the heavy metals with harmful effects on different body organs and systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the harmful effects of cadmium, as a heavy metal, on the histological structure of bone and the expression of osteocalcin gene. Methods: Forty chickens were obtained, anesthetized and their femurs were surgically removed. The real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to study the osteocalcin gene expression. Results: The osteocalcin gene expression rate were: 1.000± 0.1; 0.86± 0.01; 0.63± 0.09, and 0.41± 0.06 in the controls, experiment I, experiment II and experiment III groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Also, the nuclear pyknosis in osteocytes and decreased bone formation were observed in the histology slides of the chicken bones. Conclusions: We conclude that cadmium adversely affected the chicken bones as evident by the decreased osteocalcin gene expression and the adverse effects on the bone histology.  We recommend that plans be developed to prevent the outbreak of cadmium and other heavy metals in animal and human environment.}, Keywords = {Bone Formation, Cadmium, Gene Expression, Osteoblast and Osteocyte, Osteocalcin Gene}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-4}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.1.540.3}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-713-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-713-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Ayanniyi, Rashidat Oluwafunke and Olumoh-Abdul, Hidayah Ayodeji and Ojuade, Fatimoh Idowu and Abdullahi, Rasheed and Anafi, Sherifat Bol}, title = {The Protective Effect of Croton zambesicus against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Renal Toxicity in Rats}, abstract ={Background: The leaf extract of Croton zambesicus (CZ) is used in traditional medicine for the management of various conditions including kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of leaf extract of CZ on rat kidney toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride. Method: Male albino rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats and treated for 5 days with aqueous extract (200-400 mg/kg) and n-butanol fraction (20-40 mg/kg) of CZ. Carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg of 40% in olive oil) was administered subcutaneously for 3 days and the rats were treated with the extract and fraction for 3 days. Animals were euthanized on day 8 with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (60 mg/kg) and xylazine (7.5 mg/kg). Blood sample was collected for the analysis of serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine. Kidney tissue was harvested to determine the antioxidant enzyme activity. Results: Carbon tetrachloride produced increased serum sodium ion, chloride ion, urea and creatinine with decreased superoxide, catalase, glutathione, oxidized glutathione and an increase in malondialdehyde concentration. Treatment of rats with the aqueous leaf extract and n-butanol fraction attenuated the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride on kidney with a significant decline in serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine and a significant increase in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion: Results from this study revealed that the aqueous leaf extract and n-butanol fraction of CZ had protective effect against carbon tetrachloride-induced renal toxicity in rats, thus justifying the consideration of this plant for the management of kidney disease.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant Enzymes, Carbon Tetrachloride, Croton Zambesicus, Nephroprotective Activity, Serum Electrolytes}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {5-8}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.1.570.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-724-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-724-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Gholamzadeh, Mahboobeh and Shariati, Mehrdad and Moghadamnia, Davoo}, title = {Effect of Tranylcypromine on Spermatogenesis in Adult Male Rats}, abstract ={Background: Tranylcypromine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. It inhibits the breakdown of dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and other monoamines. The aim of this study was to investigate the adverse effects of trarylcypromine on the spermatogenesis in adult male rats. Methods: In this study, 50 adults male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250g, were used and divided into 5 groups of 10. Control group that was not given the treatment; the sham group received normal saline as a solvent and the experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of trarylcypromine orally for 21 days. At the end of the trial period, the testes of rats were removed, tissue sections were prepared, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the histological features were examined under light microscopy. The statistical analyses performed were ANOVA and Tukey tests, using SPSS software, version 19. Results: The results demonstrated that the number of spermatogonials, primary spermatocytes, spermatids and Leydig cells in the experimental groups 2 and 3 receiving tranylcypromine significantly decreased compared to those in the control group. However, the number of Sertoli cells in the experimental groups did not change significantly at any dose of the drug compared to those in the control group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Tranylcypromine reduced spermatogenesis and the respective indices in rat testicular tissues.}, Keywords = {Male Adult Rats, Spermatogenesis, Tranylcypromine}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-12}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.1.575.2}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-732-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-732-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Hajari, Zahra and Fathi, Behrooz and Saadatfar, Zohreh and Zare, Abbas}, title = {Antagonistic Effects of Suramin Against the Venom of Snake, Echis Carinatus, on the Circulatory System of Developing Chicken Embryos}, abstract ={Background: The snake, Echis carinatus, one of the most venomous snakes in Asia, possesses a deadly hemotoxic venom. It has been reported that suramin, an anti-trypansomiasis drug, can inhibit the toxic effects of some snake venoms. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible antagonistic effects of suramin against the hemorrhagic activity of the venom from an Iranian snake, Echis carinatus, in developing chicken embryos. Methods: One day old fertile eggs (n=250) were incubated for six days at 37ºC and 60% humidity. Paper discs (5 mm diameter) containing different concentrations of E. carinatus venom (5, 10, 20 & 30 μg) were placed on the chorioallantoic membrane over the major bilateral vein and were left in place until hemorrage occurred and the embryos died. Results: We found the standard hemorrhagic dose (SHD) of E. carinatus venom to be (5 μg/disc). Various concentrations (5, 10 & 20 μg) of suramin were tested against SHD of E. carinatus venom in different protocols. Control experiments were performed with the buffered saline solution, venom and suramin individually. The results demonstrated that suramin at 5, 10 and 20 μg significantly (P<0.05) delayed time to death (717, 521 & 208 min) of embryos poisoned with E. carinatus venom in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Suramin exerted protective and inhibitory effects against the deadly E. carinatus venom, and therefore, may potentially offer future therapeutic applications against poisoning with E. carinatus venom.}, Keywords = {Antagonistic Property, Chicken Embryos, Embryonal Hemorrhage, Suramin, Echis Carinatus}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-18}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.1.569.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-722-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-722-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Ihedioha, Janefrances Ngozi and Okali, Emmanuel Egwu and Ekere, Nwachukwu Romanus and Ezeofor, Chidinma Christi}, title = {Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Pasta Products Consumed in Nigeria}, abstract ={Background: The present study aimed to quantitatively determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pastas consumed in Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Methods: Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in locally produced and imported pasta using a GC-Mass Spectrometer. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed (low) and typically exposed (high) consumers.  The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. Results: The concentration of Σ 16 PAHs in Nigerian and imported brands were in the range of 9 to 800µg/kg and 2 to 7µg/kg, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations in 25% of Nigerian samples were above the maximum allowable level in processed cereal-based food. The concentrations of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the Nigerian and imported brands ranged from 1 to 10µg/kg and 1 to 4µg/kg respectively. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on PAH8 for generally exposed children was less than 10,000 in 25% of Nigerian brands while it was 38% for typically exposed children. For imported brands of pastas, the MOE values were far higher than 10,000 for generally and typically exposed children and adults.  Conclusions: The MOE values indicate serious concern particularly for children who are the major consumers of Nigerian pastas. This study is the first of its kind in Nigeria and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the Nigerian pastas in order to ensure protection of human health in the country.}, Keywords = {Estimated Daily Intake, Human Health, Margin of Exposure, PAHs, Pasta}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-26}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.1.572.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-725-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-725-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Negintaji, Ahmad and Safahieh, Alireza and Zolgharnein, Hosein and Matroodi, Soheil}, title = {Vitellogenin Gene Expression and Sex Steroid Levels as Biomarkers in Yellowfin Seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) Exposed to Bisphenol-A}, abstract ={Background: The egg yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (VTG) has proven to be a useful biomarker, used to identify organisms exposed to estrogenic compounds. Methods: We investigated variations in the VTG gene expression pattern and plasma sex steroid hormones concentrations in the yellowfin Seabream, Acanthopagrus latus, (A. latus) by various doses of bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure for 7 and 14 days. We developed a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the expression of VTG gene in A. latus. The dose-response pattern of VTG gene expression in A. latus exposed to various doses of BPA was characterized. In order to design RT-PCR primers specific to A. latus VTG, a partial sequence of the VTG gene was obtained. Results: The RT-PCR assay was effective in detecting increased VTG gene expression in A. latus exposed to BPA. It also demonstrated that the VTG expression was affected by BPA in a dose and time-dependent manner. Plasma testosterone (T) levels were decreased in the treated fish in comparison with those found in the control group, when they were exposed to 100 µg/g of BPA and 2 µg/g of E2. In contrast, the plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results suggest that VTG mRNA quantification can provide a sensitive and early signal in the detection of estrogens in marine wildlife. It also indicated that BPA could lead to an imbalance of sex steroid hormones with potentially harmful consequences on sexually immature male A. latus.}, Keywords = {Acanthoparus Latus, Bisphenol-A, Gene Expression, Real Time PCR Assay, Sex Steroid Hormones, Vitellogenin}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {27-33}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.1.577.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-730-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-730-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Olumoh-Abdul, Hidayah Ayodeji and Ayanniyi, Rashidat Oluwafunke and Ojuade, Fatimoh Idowu and Agbana, Remilekun Justi}, title = {Evaluation of Nutraceutical content and topical Anti-inflammatory Activities of Turraea vogelii Hook F. Ex Benth (Meliaceae)}, abstract ={Background: Turraea vogelii has been used as traditional medicine for the treatment of ailments including wounds, stomach aches, malaria, infections, filariasis cutaneous, among others and, it serves as source of food. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutraceuticals content and topical anti-inflammatory effect of hydro-methanol twig extract of Turraea vogelii (METV). Method: METV was obtained using cold maceration with water and methanol in ratio 30:70. The concentration of vitamins A, C and E, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were evaluated by UV spectrophotometric method. Phenol and xylene-induced ear edema was used to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory effect in mice. Results: The concentration of vitamins A, C and E was found to be 0.113 0.006, 9.303 0.012 and 0.020 0.001 mg in 100g of dried plant materials, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 0.281 0.318 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 0.112  mg/g quercetin equivalent, respectively. Topical application of METV at a dose of 25 and 50mg/ear in xylene-induced ear edema produced significant inhibition (P<0.05) of 33 and 54% while in phenol-induced ear edema was significantly (P< 0.05) reduced by 44% and 34%. Dexamethasone (0.1mg/ear) produced an inhibition of 83% and 57% in phenol-induced ear edema. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that Turraea vogelii twigs contain flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which may be responsible for the topical anti-inflammatory effect of the plant extract.}, Keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory Effect, Dexamethasone, Phenol, Topical, Turraea Vogelii Extract, Xylene}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-39}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.1.561.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-719-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-719-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sobhani, Bashir and Roomiani, Sahar and Ahmadi, Zahra and Ashrafizadeh, Mil}, title = {Histopathological Analysis of Testis: Effects of Astaxanthin Treatment against Nicotine Toxicity}, abstract ={Background: Nicotine is a toxic compound in the cigarette smoke and has destructive effects on various human organs. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with high antioxidant property. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of astaxanthin against nicotine-induced toxicity in mice testes. Methods: Forty-two inbred balb/c male mice were divided into six groups:Group 1, received 1 ml normal saline daily; Group 2, received nicotine (1.5mg/kg); Group 3, received astaxanthin (25mg/kg); Group 4, received astaxanthin (50mg/kg); Group 5, received astaxanthin (25mg/kg) plus nicotine (1.5mg/kg); and group 6, received astaxanthin (50mg/kg) plus nicotine (1.5mg/kg). After collecting testes samples, microscopic slides were prepared at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mashhad, and the prepared slides were examined under light microscopy. Results: The histological structures of the testes were normal in the control group and those receiving astaxanthin, regardless of nicotine (groups 3, 4, 5 & 6).  However, group 2 that received only nicotine, showed transformed testicular histology with severe hemorrhage. Conclusion: Based on the results, nicotine caused harmful effects on the mice testes and astaxanthin appeared to protect the organs against the toxic effects of nicotine.}, Keywords = {Astaxanthin, Balb/c mice, Nicotine toxicity, Testicular Hemorrhage}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {41-44}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.1.540.4}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-723-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-723-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {AminiFard, Fatemeh and JalilzadehYengejeh, Reza and Ghaeni, Mansoureh}, title = {Efficiency of Microalgae Scenedesmus in the Removal of Nitrogen from Municipal Wastewaters}, abstract ={Background: Due to the high content of nitrogen in the municipal wastewaters, this study evaluated the efficiency of Scenedesmus as an important microalgae in the removal of nitrate from wastewaters and its application as an appropriate culture medium. As algae have high resistance to temperature and pH changes, they can absorb low concentrations of nutrients and need simple low-cost technology. Through photosynthesis, microalgae effectively stabilize carbon dioxide at a low cost, and the oxygen produced by the photosynthesis process can reduce the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of wastewaters. Methods: In this research, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD, pH, total nitrogen (TN), and microalgae  density were measured in the samples within 14 days after sampling from the inlet and outlet of municipal wastewaters treatment plant. Results:  The results showed that nitrogen removal rate from the wastewaters at the laboratory conditions was 93% in the inlet and 85% in the outlet, which are higher in efficiency than those provided by other treatment processes. Conclusion: The microalgae can be used for the removal of nitrate and the production of algae biomass in municipal wastewaters processes before entering the natural environment.}, Keywords = {Microalgae, Municipal Wastewaters, Nitrogen, Nutrients}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.2.483.2}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Kamaei, Leila and Moghadamnia, Davoo}, title = {Comparison of Antidiabetic Effects of Aqueous Extract of the Leaves and Fruits of Avicennia Marina in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Male Rats}, abstract ={Background: In this study, the anti-diabetic effect of the extract of leaves and fruits of Avicennia marina (A. marina) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats was investigated. Methods: An experimental study was conducted on 45 adult male rats in 9 groups of 5 rats. The control group received normal food only. Other groups were made diabetic by injecting them with 60 mg/kg intraperitoneal STZ injection. Diabetic groups were: one Sham Group (STZ only), one Positive Diabetic Group (STZ + 0.5 ml normal saline) and 6 experimental groups, treated with STZ plus 3 incremental doses (30, 60 and 120 mg/kg) of either leaves or fruits extract of A. marina for three consecutive days, using gavage method. 24 hours after the last extract administration, blood samples were taken from the rat hearts., the serum glucose and insulin levels were measured by glucose oxidase and ELISA methods, respectively, one week after the STZ injections and following 8-12 hours of fasting. Results: The extract of leaves and fruits of A. marina in all doses significantly decreased the serum glucose in diabetic rats compared to that in the Sham group. The extract of A. marina leaves at 30 mg/kg significantly increased the serum insulin level compared to that in Diabetic Sham Group. The extract of A. marina fruits at all doses significantly increased the serum insulin level in the Experimental Groups compared to the Sham Group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The extract of leaves and fruits of A. marina significantly reduced the serum glucose in STZ-induced diabetic rats.}, Keywords = {Anti-Diabetic Effect, Avicennia Marina, Serum Glucose and Insulin, Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {7-12}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.2.575.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-729-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-729-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {MohammadMadaki, Fatima and YusufKabiru, Adamu and OgbadoyiEmmanuel, Olofu}, title = {Antioxidant Properties and Effect of Abrus precatorius Leaves Extract on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Rats}, abstract ={Background: Abrus precatorius (A. precatorius) is a herbal remedy commonly used in traditional medicine. We investigated the phytochemical, antioxidant, toxic properties, and safety of A. precatorius leaves in rats. Methods: Phytochemical studies were conducted using standard procedures. The antioxidant properties were studied using the reducing power and 2, 2′- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays. The effect of the extract on biochemical and haematological parameters were evaluated after the oral administration of the extract at daily doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of the rats’ body weight for 28 days. Results: Saponin was the most abundant (202.25±9.25 mg/100g) while alkaloids (9.69±0.34 mg/100g) were the least phytochemical content of A. precatorius. The extract had an LD50 value of >5000 mg/kg, demonstrating significant reducing power and DPPH scavenging activities (IC50 = 106.22 μg/mL). The extract significantly decreased the serum bilirubin and AST concentrations but increased the total proteins concentration compared with the controls (p<0.05). Urea, creatinine, ALP, ALT, chloride and albumin concentrations in the treated rats were not significantly different from those of the controls (p>0.05). The 600 mg/kg dose significantly increased the Hb, PCV, RBC and MCHC of the treated rats, compared to those of the controls (p<0.05). All doses of the extract tested significantly increased the platelet count but did not alter the counts of MCV, MCH, TWBC, RDW, lymphocyte and neutrophils (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the A. precatorious leaves possess antioxidant and erythropoietic properties. It was also found to be relatively safe with regards to the liver and kidney integrity at concentrations up to 600 mg/kg body weight of the rats.}, Keywords = {Abrus precatorius, Antioxidant, Biochemical, Haematology, Phytochemicals}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {13-18}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.2.586.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-741-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-741-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {MahmoodiMaymand, Masoumeh and Mazaheri, Mansooreh and TalebiMehrdar, Mahboobeh}, title = {Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Pasteurized Liquid and Powdered Milk Products Imported to Iran}, abstract ={Background: Mycotoxins are the secondary metabolites of molds and have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops, resulting in illnesses and economic losses. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogen found in the milk from animals that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Milk is a highly nutritious food and is a source of necessary macro- and micro-nutrients for the growth, development and maintenance of human health. Methods: The presence of AFM1 was investigated in 70 samples of imported pasteurized and powdered milk products available to the Iranian consumers. The level of AFM1 was determined by HPLC method equipped with immunoaffinity cleanup. Results: The results showed that 32% of the analyzed samples were positive for AFM1 at 0.05-3.31 μg/kg.  Also, 16% of analyzed samples were positive for AFM1at concentrations higher than the limit permitted by the Iranian standards. Conclusion: The detection of AFM1 contamination in the analyzed samples indicates the importance of the health of animal feeds. Thus, monitoring the imported feed materials, especially those arriving at Iranian borders is crucial in the prevention of AFM1 and AFB1 contaminations spreading across the domestic market.}, Keywords = {Aflatoxins M1 and B1, HPLC, Immunoaffinity Cleanup, Pasteurized Liquid and Powdered Milk}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {19-23}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.2.514.2}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-735-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-735-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Nourian, Kimiya and Baghshani, Hassan and Shahsavani, Davar}, title = {The Effect of Vitamin C on Lead-induced Plasma BiochemicalAlterations in Fish, Cyprinus carpio}, abstract ={Background: This study was conducted to investigate whether vitamin C can protect against plasma biochemical changes induced by lead poisoning in Cyprinus carpio. Methods: Three groups of common carp (n=30/group) were used in this study. Group 1 served as control, Group 2 was exposed to lead acetate (5 mg/L) for 15 days, and Group 3 received vitamin C (500 mg/kg) during the same duration of lead exposure. Results:  The blood lead concentrations in Groups 2 and 3 showed a significant rise as compared to that in the control group (p<0.05). Also, the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased considerably following in groups exposed to lead acetate, compared to that in controls. Vitamin C supplementation decreased the rise in plasma MDA insignificantly, compared that in Group 2. The plasma values of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased in Group 2 compared to that in controls. Also, vitamin C treatment significantly decreased plasma ALT and creatinine concentrations, compared to those in Group 2. Values of other plasma parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gammaglutamyl transferase, albumin, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, urea, uric acid and triglyceride showed no significant alterations among the treatment groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that vitamin C have some beneficial effects against lead toxicity in common carp. However, elucidation of the precise mechanism of the protective effects of vitamin C against lead toxicity warrants further investigations}, Keywords = {Cyprinus Carpio, Lead Toxicity, Liver Enzymes, Plasma Malondialdehyde, Vitamin C}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {25-29}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.2.359.2}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-739-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-739-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {OghenevwodokoOkoro, Israel and EjiroKadiri, Hele}, title = {Anti-Oxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Senecio biafrae on CCl4-induced Liver Damage in Rats}, abstract ={Background: The present study was performed to explore whether the aqueous extract of Senecio biafrae (S. biafrae) roots provide any in vivo protective activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Methods: Rats (150-200 grams) were grouped into five groups (A-E) of six rats each and were treated orally for twelve days with 72 hourly administration of CCl4 (1 mL/kg) as follows: Group A received distilled water only (negative control), Group B was administered distilled water plus CCl4 (positive control), Group C was administered 400 mg/kg extract and CCl4, Group D received 200 mg/extract and CCl4, while Group E was administered standard drug (Silymarin 25mg/kg, PO). Results:  Pre-treatment with the extract of S. biafrae (200 or 400mg/kg) or Silymarin (25mg/kg) caused significant restoration in the biomarkers as evaluated by reducing the levels of malondialdehyde, transaminases and elevating the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, which were altered by CCl4 toxicity. The extract at a dose of 400mg/kg demonstrated similar activities comparable to the standard drug (Silymarin). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the root extract of S. biafrae possesses hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant properties which may be due to the presence of phytochemicals in it.}, Keywords = {Anti-Oxidant, Carbon Tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Senecio Biafrae, Silymarin}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {31-35}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.2.583.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Okunlola, Banke Mary and Ijah, Udeme Joshua Josiah and Yisa, Jonathan and Abioye, Olabisi Peter}, title = {Safety Evaluation of Mangifera Indica Bark for Raw Water Purification}, abstract ={Background: Synthetic coagulants commonly used for water treatment are associated with undesirable properties, such as inefficacy and toxicity in addition to being expensive. Natural coagulants are considered safe and economical alternatives for developing countries where the plants are abundantly available. Methods: The phytochemical composition and safety of water samples treated with Mangifera indica (M. indica) were evaluated in 13 groups of albino rats (N=36) for four weeks and compared with water samples treated with alum and calcium hypochlorite, using biochemical and hematological parameters.  Results:  Mangifera indica bark contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, terpenes, steroids and cardiac glycoside. Both the raw water samples (rivers, ponds & streams) and treated waters (alum, calcium hypochlorite and plant material) did not caused any significant (p>0.05) changes to the activities or levels of transaminases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase, total serum proteins, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, platelet and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration compared with those in normal control rats. Water samples treated with M. indica caused significant increases (p<0.05) in packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and red blood cells of the animals while the untreated water samples significantly increased the white blood cell. However, alum treated water significantly increased (p<0.05) the concentrations of serum urea, sodium and potassium while calcium hypochlorite treated water significantly (p<0.05) increased the creatinine and potassium concentrations. Conclusion: The use of M. indica bark in water purification confers hematopoietic properties to the water and reduces adverse effects on the biochemical parameters, thus could be considered as an effective and safe agent for water purification.}, Keywords = {Mangifera Indica, Hematology and Biochemicals, Phytochemicals, Purification, Rivers, Streams and Ponds}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {37-42}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.2.589.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-746-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-746-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Shahriari, Mojtaba and Moghadamnia, Davoo}, title = {Protective Effect of Cordia Myxa Extract on Changes in Body Weight, Serum Proteins, Albumin and Liver Histology of Adult Male Rats Induced by Cadmium Chloride Toxicity}, abstract ={Background: The present study investigated the protective effect of C. myxa extract on the liver biochemical and histologic changes induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in adult male rats. Methods: We used 48 adults male Wistar rats, divided into 6 groups of 8. Control group received water and normal food. Sham group 1 received 2 mg/kg of CdCl2 for 35 days intraperitoneally. In Addition, Sham Group 2 received 125 mg/kg extract of C. myxa fruit for 35 days by gavage method. The experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of C. myxa extract for 21 days through gavage, followed by 2 mg/kg of CdCl2 given intraperitoneally for 14 days. After the experimentation period, blood samples were taken and the serum total protein and albumin concentrations measured. Also, liver tissue sections were prepared, stained and examined by light microscopy to evaluate the histologic changes. Results: The mean body weight, serum total protein, albumin in sham group 1 showed a significant decrease in comparison with those in the controls and Sham Group 2. The mean body weight and serum total protein in Experimental Groups 2 and 3 showed a significant increase compared to those in Sham Group 1. The mean serum albumin in Experimental Group 3 showed a significant increase compared to that in Sham Group 1 (P <0.05). Conclusion: The extract of C. myxa fruit demonstrated protective effects on changes in body weight, serum biochemical factors and liver histology induced by the adverse effect of CdCl2 in adult male rats.}, Keywords = {Cadmium Chloride, Extract of Cordia Myxa, Liver Histology, Male Adult Rats}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {43-49}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.2.575.3}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-736-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-736-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Abnosi, Mohammad Hussein and Masoomi, Si}, title = {Para-nonylphenol Toxicity Induces Oxidative Stress and Arrests the Cell Cycle in Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Bone Marrow}, abstract ={Background: The mechanism of para-nonylphenol (PNP) reducing the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is not known. The present study was designed to investigate the mechanism. Methods: MSCs were extracted under sterile condition from Wistar rat and cultured in DMEM, containing 15 % FBS and penicillin/streptomycin until the 3rd passage, then cells were treated with 0, 0.5 and 2.5 µM of PNP for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. We studied the viability, proliferation, cell cycle and morphology of the cells. In addition, the concentration of total protein, sodium, potassium and calcium and the activity of metabolic enzymes (ALT, AST and LDH) were determined. Also, induction of oxidative stress was estimated by determining the total antioxidant and MDA levels in addition to the activity of SOD and CAT. Results: The concentrations of PNP caused a significant increase in metabolic enzymes activity and reduced the total protein dose dependently from day 5 to day 20. But only the higher PNP concentration reduced the sodium level and increased the calcium concentration during the treatment period. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in the total antioxidant level and of SOD and CAT activities whereas a significant increase in MDA was seen. Also, PNP stopped the cell cycle at “S” and “G2/M” phases. Conclusion: Para-NP, used in many industries, was able to reduce the viability and proliferation of the MSCs via metabolic and electrolyte imbalance and by induction of oxidative stress and cell cycle disruption.}, Keywords = {Cell Cycle, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Metabolism and Oxidative Stress, Para-Nonylphenol}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.3.496.2}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Alimohammadi, Iraj and Ashtarinezhad, Azadeh and Abolghasemi, Jamileh and Yekzamani, Parvaneh and Masruri, Batol}, title = {The Sub-acute Effect of Lead Exposure on the Auditory Brainstem Response in Male Rats}, abstract ={Background: Lead is a major environmental pollutant and can adversely affect humans and animals. There are conflicting data about the ototoxic effect of lead. This study experimentally examined the association between blood lead levels (BLL) and the subsequent hearing impairment in male rats. Methods: Twenty-two male rats were randomly categorized into experimental (exposed to lead acetate, 4 mg/kg by gavage) and control groups. We evaluated the groups by click and tone audiometric burst tests, comparing the data before and 30 days after exposure to lead acetate (4mg/kg). Also, blood samples were collected from the rats and analyzed for lead levels by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: The study findings demonstrated remarkable increase in hearing threshold in the lead-exposed group, compared to the controls (p<0.0001). Also, the blood lead levels revealed a significant association of lead acetate with the hearing loss in rats. Conclusion: This study revealed that exposure to lead acetate can be damaging to hearing. However, future research is recommended to clarify the mechanism of action of lead toxicity on the auditory function at varying blood lead concentrations.}, Keywords = {Auditory Brainstem Response, Blood Lead Level, Hearing Loss, Lead Toxicity, Ototoxicity}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-13}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.3.590.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Ghazanfarpour, Elham and Fatemi, Mahnoosh and Ghandehari, Fereshte}, title = {Protective Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum on Lead-induced Hematological and Body Weight Alterations in Rats}, abstract ={Background: Lead is known to be a highly toxic heavy metal which has a wide range of effect on human health. It has been proven that probiotics are able to bind heavy metals and remove them from the environment. In this study, the effect of Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) and its cytoplasmic extract were investigated on the hematological and body weight parameters in lead exposed rats. Methods: Forty eight rats were divided into 6 groups of eight as follows: Group 1: controls; Group 2: treated with lead acetate; Group 3: treated with L. fermentum; Group 4: treated with lead acetate and intact L. fermentum bacteria; Group 5: treated with the extracts of L. fermentum; Group 6: treated with lead acetate and the extract. At the completion of the experiments, rats’ blood samples were collected and analyzed for the hematological parameters. The lead concentrations were measured in the fecal pellets. Results:  The results demonstrated significant differences among the hematological parameters in groups 2 and 6, compared with those in the controls. However, no significant differences were detected for the parameters in groups 3, 4 and 5.  The lead concentrations in the fecal pellets of group 4 animals showed a significant increase compared to those recorded for the groups that were exposed to lead acetate. Conclusion: The findings suggest that L. fermentum may inhibit or minimize the harmful effects of lead on rat’s hematological parameters by binding to the heavy metal and removing it from the body.}, Keywords = {Hematological Parameters, L. Fermentum, Lead Toxicity, Rats}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {15-20}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.3.596.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-753-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-753-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mehrdad, Samira and Saeb, Keivan and Taghavi, Lobat and Ghane, Masoo}, title = {Evaluation of the Biodegradation of Petroleum Contaminants by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Caspian Sea Coastline Waters}, abstract ={Background: Water plays an essential role in supporting life on earth and sea worldwide, requiringclean, safe, high quality and sustainable resources. Nowadays, many water resources have been contaminatedwith toxic compounds originating from petroleumdue to economical and industrial developments. There is anurgent need to clean up the waters with environmentally friendlyand inexpensive methods. This study investigated the biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in southern Caspian Sea coastline. Methods: Coastline sediment samples were collected, with P. aeruginosa being the predominant strain. The bacteria were cultured in triplicates in the presence of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% of gasoline andunder specific experimental conditions of varying temperature, pH, salinity, shaker speed, and incubation periods. The data representing the gasoline biodegradation in the samples were statistically analyzed. Results:  At optimized experimental conditions for temperature, pH, salinity, incubation period, and shaker speed, maximum biodegradation of TPH was achieved by culturing P. aeruginosa strains with the sea water samples containing varying concentrations of gasoline. Conclusion: The gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa, almost completely biodegraded TPH contaminants from the samples’ culture media over 28 days of incubation. We conclude that the use of P. aeruginosa is an efficient method for the biodegradation of Caspian coastal waters contaminated with TPH.}, Keywords = {Caspian Sea Waters, Gas Chromatography, Gasoline Biodegradation, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {21-26}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = { 10.32598/IJT.13.3.594.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Okenwa-Ani, Chioma Grace and Obasi, Nnamdi Lawrence and Ochonogor, Alfred Ezinna and Ihedioha, Janefrances Ngozi}, title = {Heavy Metals Levels in Plastics Housing of Televisions: Is there a changing trend across three decades (1980-2000)?}, abstract ={Background: This study investigated the concentration of some heavy metals in plastic housing of televisions produced over three decade (1980-2000) with the aim of providing information and comparing the trend in the concentration of these metals. Methods: The heavy metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after acid digestion using a 1:1 mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid. Results:   The mean concentration of the heavy metals (mg/kg) in the television sets for 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, respectively, were as follows: 12.75 (Nd); 1.32 (Pb); 1.84, 1.47 & 2.79 (Ni); 1.53, 16.19 & 40.42 (Ag); 82.24, 159.69 & 113.29 (Zn); 7.12, 4.23 & 5.26 (Cr); 3.26, 2.76 & 2.39 (Cu); 4.84, 24.05 & 26.67 (V); 9.30, 8.40 & 12.63 (Co); 2.59, 4.05 & 4.28 (Cd). Conclusion: Although the mean concentrations for Zn, Cu and Ag in the television samples were relatively high, compared to the total threshold limit concentration (TTLC), they were below the threshold limit. These results suggest that there may not be any immediate environmental hazard posed from the TV plastic housings. The correlations analysis showed that most of the metals declined in TV housings over the subsequent decades.}, Keywords = {Environmental Hazards, Heavy Metals, Plastics, Television, 1980’s to 2000’s Decades}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {27-32}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.3.572.3}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Omidzahir, Shila and AlijantabarBayi, Maliheh and Kardel, Fatemeh and Mazandarani, Mohamm}, title = {Effects of Iron Oxide Nano-Particles on the Intestinal Tissue of Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio}, abstract ={Background: The application of nano-particles (NPs) in various industries is growing. Since their toxicity is not clearly understood, they can cause adverse effects on the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological effects of iron oxide nano-particles on the small intestine of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Methods: Four experimental treatments were designed (15 fish/treatment). Treatment 1 was the controls while Treatments 2, 3 and 4 were experimental. The experimental groups were exposed to 50, 75 and the 100 mg/L of iron oxide NPs, respectively. On days 14, 21 and 28, the fish were randomly picked from each tank, samples of the small intestine were dissected, and were examined for both the accumulation of the iron NPs and the tissue histopathologies.   Results: The highest concentration of iron accumulation was detected for Treatment 3 on day 21, compared to all other treatment groups (p<0.05). However, iron accumulation in the tissue declined unexpectedly after day 21 despite the continued treatments at 100 mg/L of the iron NPs. The histopathological examinations revealed that the treatment beyond 21 days caused damages to the intestinal epithelial cells, including enterocytes, villi and the goblet cells. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the effect of iron oxide NPs on the small intestinal tissue was dependant on the dose and duration of exposure. We conclude that the iron accumulation in the small intestine declined despite increasing the iron oxide NPs concentration and the exposure duration secondary to damages caused to the intestinal epithelial cell layer.}, Keywords = {Bioaccumulation, Cyprinus Carpio, Histopathology, Intestinal Epithelia, Iron Oxide Nanoparticles}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {33-38}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.3.592.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-752-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-752-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Srivastav, Ajai Kumar and Srivastava, Shilpi and Srivastav, Sunil Kumar and Faggio, Caterina and Sekiguchi, Toshio and Suzuki, Nobuo}, title = {Response of Ultimobranchial and Parathyroid Glands of the Indian Skipper Frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis to Cadmium Toxicity}, abstract ={Background: Cadmium toxicity has been shown in aquatic animals but the effect on frog’s endocrine glands is not known. We investigated the effects of cadmium on ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of Indian skipper frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Methods: Frogs were exposed to cadmium chloride for short and long terms and sacrificed after 24, 48, 72 or 96 h (short-term) and after 5, 10, 15 and 30 days (long-term). Results: After 48h of cadmium exposure, serum calcium levels decreased and persisted for 96h. After 96h of exposure, weak staining of the ultimobranchial cells was noted, and the nuclear volumes decreased. The histological structures of parathyroid cells remained unchanged. Frogs exposed to cadmium exhibited decreased serum calcium levels from day 10 to day 30.  After 15 days of cadmium exposure, ultimobranchial cells exhibited a decline in staining response and the nuclear volume also decreased. The follicular epithelia of the ultimobranchial glands appeared to be reduced at certain areas. After 30 days of cadmium exposure, the nuclear volume was further decreased and the follicular epithelia shrunk and appeared as a single layer. Cellular degeneration and vacuolization were also noticed in the gland. After day 15 of cadmium exposure, the nuclear volume of the parathyroid cells increased with elongated and hyperchromatic appearance. These changes were exaggerated on day 30 of cadmium exposure and few cell lyses appeared among parathyroid cells. Conclusions: Cadmium adversely affected the calcium regulating glands, ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of the Indian frogs, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis.}, Keywords = {Cadmium Toxicity, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Indian Skipper Frog, Parathyroid Glands Cells, Ultimobranchial Glands}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {39-44}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.3.74.8}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-748-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Umukoro, Solomon and Apara, Mary and Ben-Azu, Benneth and Ajayi, Abayomi Mayowa and Aderibigbe, Adegbuyi Olawale}, title = {Neurobehavioral Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Solid Air Freshener in Mice}, abstract ={Background: Air fresheners are products with fragrances used to mask unpleasant odor in the environment. However, air fresheners contain diverse chemical substances that pose health challenges to the users; hence are of public health significance. Although previous studies have shown that air fresheners affect the lungs, liver and reproductive organs, the neurobehavioral effects of these agents are yet to be evaluated in details. This study evaluated the neurobehavioral effects and biochemical changes in mice exposed to a solid commercially available air freshener (SAF). Methods: Male Swiss mice were divided into 6 groups (n = 7). Mice in groups 2-6 were exposed to powdered SAF (10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 g) via inhalation in their cages for 28 days. Mice in group 1 (control) were not exposed to SAF. The neurobehavioral changes: spontaneous motor activity (SMA), memory, anxiety and depression were evaluated on day 28. The mice brains were then proccessed for determination of malondialdehyde, nitrite, glutathione contents, and the activities of catalase and acetyl-cholinesterase. Results:  SAF (25-200g) significantly (p<0.05) impaired SMA compared with control. Mice exposed to SAF exhibited increased anxiety and depression-like symptoms relative to control (p<0.05). It also impaired memory and increased acetylcholinesterase activity (p<0.05). Moreover, SAF increased the levels of nitrite and malondialdehyde accompanied by decreased antioxidant molecules (glutathione and catalase) in mouse brain. Conclusion: These findings suggest that SAF produced neurobehavioral deficits, increased oxidative stress and altered cholinergic system, posing potential health hazards to the regular consumers.}, Keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Inhalation, Neurobehavioral Effects, Oxidative Stress, Solid Air Freshener}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {45-51}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.3.595.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Achuba, Fidelis Ifeakachuku}, title = {Protective Role of Elaesis guineensis Leaves against Crude Oil Tainted Diet–induced Hematotoxicity in Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Background: Crude oil is a very toxic chemical. Recently, the search for protective substances is attracting attention. This study aimed to investigate the hematoprotective potentials of oil palm leaves against the toxicity induced by crude oil. Methods: Male Wistar albino rats (n=36) were divided into six groups of rats (n=6). Group 1 (controls) were fed with normal rat food.  Groups 2 and 3 were fed with diets combined with a predetermined quantity of Elaesis guineensis (E. guineensis) leaves. Group 4 were given crude oil contaminated diet. Groups 5 and 6 were fed with tainted diet, mixed with a predetermined quantity of powdered E. guineensis leaves. Results:   Pre-treatment of the diet with oil palm leaves restored lipid peroxidation, the activities of various types of superoxide dismutases (SODs), and catalase compared to those obtained for the control group. Treatment of crude oil-tainted diet with oil palm leaves significantly increased hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell indices, and significantly decreased white blood cell count compared to those noted for the rats fed crude oil-tainted diet. Conclusions: This study found that the treatment of crude oil contaminated diet with oil palm leaves reduced the hemotoxicity as experimented in Wistar albino rats.}, Keywords = {Crude Oil, Elaesis Guineensis Leaves, Hemotoxicity, Oil-Tainted Rat Diet}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-4}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.4.602.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-760-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-760-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Adesina, Jacobs Mobolade and Ofuya, Thomas Inomisan and Ileke, Kayode David and Rajashekar, Yallappa and Mobolade-Adesina, Titilayo Elizabeth}, title = {Biochemical and Toxicological Studies of Bridelia micrantha [Berth] and Mitracarpus villosus [Swartz] DC Extracts used as Biofumigant Against Stored Produce Insect Pests on Albino Rats}, abstract ={Background: In recent years, plant materials have been widely explored as sources of insect pest control agents with little or no study on their toxicity. The present study aimed to detect the biochemical alterations in liver and kidney associated with acute oral toxicity of the extracts of B. micrantha and M. villosus in albino rats. Methods: Twenty seven albino rats, weighing between 150-180g were used and divided into nine groups of three rats each, administered with different doses of each extracts (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000mg/kg). The plasma and homogenates of liver and kidney of the rats were investigated for the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALT), total protein, urea and creatinine, using standard laboratory kits. Results: The administration of either extract did not cause death or any hazardous symptoms of acute toxicity, nor resulted in any evident changes in the body weight. However, the extracts caused significant decreases in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and total protein, urea and creatinine in biochemical parameters. They also caused a significant decrease in the serum parameters of treated rats’ liver and kidney at all doses. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the oral administration of B. micrantha ethyl acetate extract and of M. villosus petroleum ether extract may be considered as moderately free of toxicity. This was based on our findings that two compounds were moderately safe with respects to their effects on the liver and kidney functions at concentrations of up to 2000 mg/kg body weight of the rats.}, Keywords = {Biochemical agent, Creatinine, Extracts, Homogenates, Plasma, Serum}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {5-10}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.4.544.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-756-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-756-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Fatemi, Maryam and Shomali, Tahoora and Nazifi, Saeed and Fazeli, Mehdi}, title = {Eryngium Bungei Boiss Extract Has Hepatoprotective Effect Against Liver Damage Induced by Acetaminophen in Rats: Novel Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects}, abstract ={Background: Acetaminophen-induced toxicity is a common cause of acute liver failure. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of Eryngium bungei Boiss (EB) extract against the hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Thirty adult male rats were randomly assigned to five groups, with free access to water and food. They were treated as follows: Group 1 (negative controls): distilled water (DW); Group 2 (positive controls): DW for 7 days and a single dose of 500 mg/kg BW acetaminophen orally on day 8th; Groups 3, 4 and 5 (experimental groups): received EB extract mixed in DW at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day orally for 7 days plus 500 mg/kg acetaminophen on the 8th day. On the 9thday, blood and liver samples were collected from all rats. Results: The EB extract improved the adverse histological changes in the rats’ livers and resulted in reduced serum ALT and ALP enzymes. Oxidative stress was noted in the liver tissue in Group 2. Pretreatment with EB extract reduced MDA concentration and increased GSH levels, compared to that for Group 2. The extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg/day significantly increased SOD activity, compared to that for Group 2. The IL-1β and TNF-α levels increased significantly in Group 2, compared to those in Group 1. Administration of EB extract in Groups 3, 4 and 5 significantly decreased the IL-1β and TNF-α parameters. Conclusions: The hepatoprotective effects of EB extract appears to be linked to its glutathione-mediated detoxification, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties.}, Keywords = {Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity, Eryngium Bungei Extract, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Rats}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {11-16}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.4.604.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Prakash, Chandra and Srivastav, Sunil Kumar}, title = {Microcystin-LR: Effects on Freshwater Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis Prolactin Cells}, abstract ={Background: Previous studies have been reported on the toxicity of Microcystin-LR, which is produced by cyanobacterial growth in fish, such as Heteropneustes fossilis (H. fossilis). However, no studies have been conducted on the effects of Microcystin-LR on the prolactin cells of H. fossilis. Methods: H. fossilis fish were intraperitoneally injected with Microcystin-LR (2.5μg/25g) and sacrificed after 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days. The blood samples were analyzed for the calcium levels. Histological slides of the pituitary prolactin cells were stained with Herlant’s tetrachrome and Heidenhan’s azan techniques, and examined under light microscopy. Results:   The prolactin cells exposed to Microcystin-LR exhibited no structural changes on day 1. However, hyperactive prolactin cells exhibited cellular degranulation from day 3 to day 5. On days 10 and 15, degenerated and vacuolated prolactin cells were also observed. The nuclear volume of prolactin cells exposed to MC-LR increased progressively from day 3 to day 10 but on day 15 the nuclear volume returned to normal. The serum calcium level of MC-LR injected specimens showed hypocalcemia from day 3 to day 10. On day 15, the level became normal. Conclusions: Our results indicated that the serum calcium levels and prolactin cells were altered after exposure to microcystin-LR.}, Keywords = {Blood Calcium Level, Heteropneustes Fossilis, Microcystin-LR, Prolactin Cells, Prolactinemia}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {17-20}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.4.562.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-715-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-715-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Parang, Zohreh and Moghadamnia, Davoo}, title = {Synthesis of Silver Nano-particles by Electrochemical Method and the Effects on the Serum Levels of Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4) in Adult Male Rats}, abstract ={Background: Silver nano-particles have anti-fungal properties. In the present study, silver nano-particles were synthesized by electrochemical method and its effects on the serum levels ofT3 and T4 hormones were investigated in adult male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 28 adult male Wistar rats weighing approximately 180-220g were divided into 4 groups of 7 rats. The control group (no treatment).  The experimental groups 1and 2 received silver intraperitoneal nano-particle doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, for 14 days. The nano-aprticles had been synthesized at 75 seconds interval. The experimental group 3 received silver nano-particles that were synthesized at 300 seconds interval with an intraperitoneal dose of 25 mg/kg for 14 days. At the end of this period, blood samples were obtained from the rats’ hearts, and the serum levels of T3 and T4 hormones were measured. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan tests. Results:  At the completion of the study, there was no significant difference in the mean body weights in all experimental groups compared to control group. The results showed that the mean serum levels of T3 hormone in the experimental group1 increased significantly relative to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the mean serum levels of T4 hormone in all experimental groups compared to that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Silver nano-particles increased the serum T3 hormone level in male Wistar rats.}, Keywords = {Adult Male Rats, Silver Nano-Particles, T3 And T4 Hormones, Thyroid Gland}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {21-25}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.4.575.4}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-765-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-765-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {SharafatiChaleshtori, Reza and Jadi, Zahr}, title = {Fruits Contaminated with Lead, Cadmium and Nitrate are the Risks to Human Health: A seasonal study}, abstract ={Background: Consumers may be contaminated by various food intakes as one of the most important sources of organic and inorganic pollutants associated with agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nitrate contaminations in watermelon and carrot samples and the associated risks to human health. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 108 samples of watermelon and carrot samples were collected randomly from the supermarkets in Kashan, Iran, from October 2017 to September 2018. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and spectrophotometry were used to analyze Pb, Cd and nitrate in the collected samples, respectively. Results:   The results showed that the carrot samples had the most concentrations of Pb, Cd and nitrate than those for watermelon (p<0.001). All of the samples except for some watermelons and carrots had lower contaminants than the permissible standard limits. The results of the target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ for the compounds were within the safe range (<1) and were not detected at harmful levels. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) of Pb and Cd were in the safe and unsafe range, respectively. However, the total cancer risk was higher than the standard level and was; therefore, unsafe to the consumers. Conclusion: The study showed that the concentrations of the compounds in carrot and watermelon may potentially be hazardous to the health of Iranian consumers.}, Keywords = {Cadmium, Health Risk, Lead, Nitrates, Seasons}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {27-32}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.4.585.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-764-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-764-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Tahery, Shima and Ahmadi-Hamedani, Mahmood and Keramati, Keivan and JavaheriVayghan, Abbas and Naeimi, Saeideh}, title = {Protective Effect of Flunixin meglumin on Changes Induced by Isoproterenol in Serum Biochemical Profile, Malondialdehyde and Heart Histology of Adult Male Rats}, abstract ={Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of death worldwide. The effect of flunixin meglumine (FM) on MI is unknown. We investigated the protective effect of FM on the serum biochemical profile, malondialdehyde (MDA), and heart histology changes induced by isoproterenol (ISO) in adult male rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups of six each as follows: Group 1, control. Group 2, was administered ISO subcutaneously at 85 mg/kg for 2 days. Group 3 was administered FM intraperitoneally at 2 mg/kg/d, for 3 days; and Group 4 was administered FM 2mg/kg/d intraperitoneally for 3 days and ISO 85mg/kg subcutaneously for two consecutive days. Blood samples were collected after anesthesia, 24h after the second ISO administration. The heart tissue was immediately removed for histopathological examination. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and serum MDA levels were measured on an autoanalyzer and spectrophotometer. Results:   In Group 4 (FM+ISO) the levels of AST, LDH and MDA decreased compared with those for Group 2 (ISO) (P< 0.05). Histopathologic tests revealed that ISO induced myocardial injury in Group 3 rats, whereas the alterations of the heart architecture were improved by FM in Group 4 (FM+ISO). Conclusions: The results suggest that FM has a potential cardioprotective effect against an experimental model of MI in rats.}, Keywords = {Cardioprotective Effect, Funixin Meglumine, Isoproterenol, MDA, Myocardial Infarction}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {33-37}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.4.605.1}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-762-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-762-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Umar, Sheriff Itopa and Lawal, Bashir and Mohammed, Bala Alkali and Obiekezie, Cyril Ifeanyi and Adewuyi, Abdulsalam Hassan and Babalola, Shukurat Bisola and Ariyeloye, Stephen Damaol}, title = {Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Naturally Occurring Flavonoids from M. heterophylla and the Safety Evaluation in Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Background: Maytenus heterophylla (M. heterophylla) is commonly used in African traditional medicine for the management of various ailments. The present study evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial and safety properties of the Flavonoid extract of M. heterophylla in Wister rats. Methods: The Flavonoid was subjected to antibacterial study via agar well diffusion method, and antioxidant study using 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant properties (FRAP) assays. Subacute toxicity were carried out by the oral administration of the extract at a daily dose of 50 or 100mg/kg for 28 days. Results: The extract produced significant antioxidants activities with IC50 of 33.07±0.84 µg/mL & 38.08±0.89 μg/mL in DPPH and FRAPS models respectively. It produced a dose-dependent inhibition of S. aureus, E.coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and S. Typhi with MIC between 12.5µg/mL to 25µg/mL. The flavonoid was safe on acute exposure to rats (LD50> 5000 mg/kg). However, the  chronic exposure significantly (p<0.05) decreased the creatinine, bilirubin concentrations and increased  aspartate transaminase (AST) activities while the total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatise (ALP), urea, chloride, potassium and sodium concentrations were comparable with those in the controls. The organs-body weights ratios also compared well with the controls (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings showed that the Flavonoid extract of M. heterophylla was relatively non-toxic following acute or chronic exposures at 50-100 mg/kg. The flavonoid extract may potentially serve as a candidate agent for the development of an anti-microbial drug and to enhance the antioxidant capacity in rats.  }, Keywords = {Antibacterial, Anti-Oxidants, Flavonoids, Maytenus Heterophylla, Toxicity}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {39-44}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/IJT.13.4.516.2}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-734-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-734-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2019} }