en تخصصي Special پژوهشي Research <span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-GB">Background: </span></b><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: 1pt windowtext; padding: 0cm;"><span style="background:white">Lead </span></span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">exposure inflicts severe damage to various body organs. The present study sought to assess the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) on the prevention of hepatic and renal damage in rats with chronic lead poisoning. The indicators were the levels of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines expression.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:4.0pt"></span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-GB">Methods: </span></b><span lang="EN-GB">We </span><span lang="EN-GB">used <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> as the animal model. They were assigned to three groups: negative control, positive control, and treatment<i> </i>(n=8 each)<i>.</i> The negative control and treatment groups were the models for chronic lead poisoning, and the serum lead levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The treatment group was orally administered chitosan NPs at 64 mg/kg for 30 days. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using 2&#39;,7&rsquo;-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate flow cytometry. The hepatic and renal TNF-&alpha; and IL-6 gene expressions were also analyzed.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:4.0pt"></span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-GB">Results: </span></b><span lang="EN-GB">The mean serum lead level was 0.52 mg/L, validating the rats as the lead poisoning model. The results indicated that the liver and kidneys in the treatment group had the lowest ROS and TNF-&alpha; levels compared to those in other groups. The treatment rats had a lower hepatic IL-6 level compared to those in positive controls, although this was higher than that in the negative controls. The renal IL-6 level in the treatment group was the highest among all groups.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:4.0pt"></span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Conclusion: </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB">As evidenced by the results of this study, chitosan NPs had a protective effect on the liver and kidneys of rats during chronic lead poisoning by reducing the ROS and TNF-&alpha; levels; nonetheless, it did not suppress the renal IL-6 expression.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-size:4.0pt"></span></b></span></span></span> chitosan nanoparticles, lead, cytokines, ROS, TNF-α 130 137 http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1189-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Aditya Marianti aditya.marianti.am@mail.unnes.ac.id 100319475328460016619 100319475328460016619 Yes Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Nur Dina Amalina dinaamalina@mail.unnes.ac.id 100319475328460016620 100319475328460016620 No Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Safira Chairani Dimarti safira.chairani@mail.unnes.ac.id 100319475328460016621 0009-0008-4791-5546 No Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Rahma Anindita rahmaanindita59@gmail.com 100319475328460016622 0009-0008-3177-8890 No Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia M Daffa Dyarizky Ramadhan daffadyarr01@students.unnes.ac.id 100319475328460016623 0009-0006-1996-9729 No Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Mutiara Bintang Ramadani mmutiara783@students.unnes.ac.id 100319475328460016624 0009-0002-2120-9690 No Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia