en عمومى General پژوهشي Research <span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="color:#2d73b4">Background: </span></b>Dichlorvos (DDVP), an organophosphate, inhibits acetylcholinesterase, leading to acetylcholine accumulation and subsequent muscarinic receptor hyperstimulation. This disrupts normal electrochemical impulse transmission and redox homeostasis. Atropine, a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, is the primary antidote for organophosphate poisoning, mitigating muscarinic hyperstimulation. Concurrently, citric acid is recognized for its antioxidant properties and potential to combat oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of DDVP, focusing on its oxido-inflammatory mechanisms and neurobehavioral implications. It also explored the potential therapeutic benefits of supplemental atropine and citric acid co-treatment.<br> <b><span style="color:#2d73b4">Methods: </span></b>Sixty-four male Wistar rats were divided into groups and treated with standard rat pellets and water ad libitum, DDVP alone, DDVP + atropine, DDVP + citric acid, or DDVP + atropine + citric acid. Neurobehavioral profiles were assessed, and biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and neurotransmitter parameters.<br> <b><span style="color:#2d73b4">Results: </span></b>DDVP exposure significantly decreased cholinergic activity, increased oxidative stress and inflammatory neurochemicals, and resulted in poor neurobehavioral outcomes. These detrimental effects were stabilized by co-treatment with citric acid and atropine. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of citric acid significantly supplemented atropine&#39;s neuroprotective mechanisms, potentially preventing long-term sequelae.<br> <b><span style="color:#2d73b4"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Conclusion: </span></span></b>DDVP ingestion leads to significant neurobehavioral dysfunction by disrupting cholinergic, monoaminergic, and oxido-inflammatory functions. Supplementation with atropine and citric acid markedly improved neurobehavioral outcomes, largely attributed to the neuroprotective effects of citric acid. These findings suggest that antioxidant supplementation may offer considerable therapeutic advantages in cases of organophosphate poisoning.</span></span><br> &nbsp; Antioxidant, Anxiety, Depression, Inflammation, Memory, Organophosphate, Oxidative stress 235 247 http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-451-4&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Aminu Imam imam.a@unilorin.edu.ng 100319475328460018786 100319475328460018786 Yes Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria. Aalimah Akinosho Akorede aaakino@ilstu.edu 100319475328460018787 0009-0009-5818-8548 No Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, DE 19711 University of Delaware, United States of AmericaIndonesia. Oluwadamilola Eunice Ajibola oluwadamilolaajibola2000@gmail.com 100319475328460018788 0009-0005-8682-9905 No Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria. Oyeniyi Joseph Oludare olanrewaju332@gmail.com 100319475328460018789 0009-0008-9876-6157 No Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria. Micheal Olatunji Avoseh avoseh@udel.edu 100319475328460018790 0009-0005-3417-6965 No Department of Biology, Illinois State University, IL61761, United States of America. Olanrewaju Ridwan Adeniyi ridwanolanrewaju@gmail.com 100319475328460018791 100319475328460018791 No Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria. Moyosore Salihu Ajao moyoajao@unilorin.edu.ng 100319475328460018792 100319475328460018792 No Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria.