@article{ author = {Abedi, Zeynab and Khalesi, Mohammad Kazem and KohestanEskandari, Sohrab}, title = {Biochemical and Hematological Profiles of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) under Sublethal Effects of Trivalent Chromium}, abstract ={Background: In natural waters and/or aquaculture facilities, fish are often exposed to chromium waste and demonstrate cumulative deleterious effects. To our knowledge, there are no studies concerning the effects of trivalent Cr on C. carpio hematology. This study presents hematological and some biochemical parameters of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, affected by sublethal concentration of trivalent chromium. Methods: The fish in the experimental aquaria (three replicates each) were exposed to a sublethal chromium chloride concentration of 2 mg L−1, which was prepared as stock solution and added depending on the volume of the aquaria to obtain the required concentration. After a period of 28 days, parameters such as hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), lymphocytes (Lym), neutrophils (Neu), total protein (TP), albumin, immunoglobulin M (IgM), glucose, red and white blood cells (RBC and WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were examined. Results: Chromium exposure for 28 days significantly (P<0.05) reduced the amounts of Hct, Hb, RBC, WBC, MCH, and MCHC, whereas albumin and glucose significantly (P0.05) between the Cr-exposed fish and the control. Conclusion: Hematological indices of fish, caused by chromium toxicity to C. carpio, can be secondary responses to toxicants, including exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals, which reflect the launch of stress reaction in the affected fish.}, Keywords = {Biochemistry, Chromium, Common Carp, Hematology.}, volume = {7}, Number = {20}, pages = {782-792}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Biochemical and Hematological Profiles of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) under Sublethal Effects of Trivalent Chromium}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Biochemistry, Chromium, Common Carp, Hematology.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Afzali, Saeed and Taheri, Seyed Kazem and Torabian, Saadat and Jamilian, Mehri}, title = {Changes in Female Sex Hormones in Patients with Intentional Drug and Chemical Poisoning}, abstract ={Background: Hormonal changes as a factor influencing the emotional state of women have an important role in the incidence of suicide. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in FSH-LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone hormones in women attempting suicide by drugs and chemicals. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, women of reproductive diagnosed with drug and chemical poisoning who were hospitalized in Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan, Iran, were assessed regarding LH, FSH estrogen and progesterone hormones over a period of six months in 2011. Overall, 80 patients were studied with regard to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The highest rate of suicide was in the age range of 14-25 years (47 patients, 60.1%). A significant relationship was observed among the blood levels of hormones FSH, LH, progesterone, and estrogen. The association of hormone levels and LMP and attempted suicide was significant. The LH level was significantly lower in patients with substance abuse. The estrogen level was significantly lower in patients with the history of self-injury. Most patients (67.5%) were in the follicular phase which was statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, there was a significant relationship between the levels of different hormones. The significant relationship was positive in some cases but negative in other.}, Keywords = {Menstrual Phases, Sex Hormones, Suicide, Hamadan.}, volume = {7}, Number = {20}, pages = {793-797}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Changes in Female Sex Hormones in Patients with Intentional Drug and Chemical Poisoning}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Menstrual Phases, Sex Hormones, Suicide, Hamadan.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Badsar, Alireza and RahbarTaramsari, Morteza and AmirMaafi, Alireza and RouhiRad, Melina and Chatrnour, Gelayol and KhajehJahromi, Si}, title = {Mushroom Poisoning in the Southwest Region of the Caspian Sea, Iran: A Retrospective Study}, abstract ={Background: Mushroom poisoning as a medical emergency can be a challenging problem for physicians. Despite the vast resources of poisonous mushrooms in Iran, few studies have been done in this regard, especially in the southwest region of the Caspian Sea that is very suitable for mushroom growth. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate our experience with mushroom poisoning in this region. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed the records of 102 patients who were admitted to the Emergency Department of Razi Hospital of Rasht, the only referral department in this region, from May 2006 to May 2011. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test, ANOVA, and student’s t-test. Results: The patients’ age ranged from 13 to 75 years and 47 of them were male and the rest 55 were female. Overall, 57.8% of mushroom poisoning cases occurred in patients from urban areas. Most incidences were reported between September and October, the rainy season in Guilan. Except for four patients with tachycardia, others had stable vital signs. The most frequent symptoms (86.4%) were nausea and vomiting. Complete blood cell count revealed that 28.4% of the patients had leukocytosis but all of them had platelet counts of less than 100000. Conclusions: This study showed that all cases had mild to moderate symptoms that were treated by simple supportive therapies. This suggested that mushroom species in our region are less dangerous but further studies need to establish what toxins and species are responsible for mushroom toxicity.}, Keywords = {Abdominal Pain, Iran, Mushroom Poisoning, Nausea, Transaminases, Vomiting.}, volume = {7}, Number = {20}, pages = {798-803}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Mushroom Poisoning in the Southwest Region of the Caspian Sea, Iran: A Retrospective Study}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Abdominal Pain, Iran, Mushroom Poisoning, Nausea, Transaminases, Vomiting.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-189-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-189-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {BanagozarMohammadi, Ali and ZaareNahandi, Maryam and Solhi, Hass}, title = {Utility of Silver Nitrate Test for Post-Mortem Diagnosis of Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning}, abstract ={Background: Intoxication with aluminum phosphide has been prevalent in Iran recently. Lab confirmation of the poisoning is needed in clinical and post-mortem settings. Present study was conducted to determine efficiency and validity of silver nitrate test for detection of aluminum phosphide in samples. Methods: Information about dead patients with history of aluminum phosphide poisoning referred for medicolegal autopsy was collected during 18 months. Their relationships with result of silver nitrate test was assessed statistically. Results: 24 patients were studied. Silver nitrate test on samples of intra-abdominal organs was positive in 75% of autopsies, while the test on gastric content was positive in 50%. Relationship between number of ingested tablets and silver nitrate test was statistically significant (p value=0.017). Conclusion: Results of present study showed that silver nitrate test can be used as a preliminary method for evaluation of patients or dead bodies suspected to be intoxicated with ALP. However, even negative result of silver nitrate test would not preclude ALP poisoning and more definitive quantitative tests such as HS-GC should be ordered, if feasible.}, Keywords = {Aluminum Phosphide, Diagnosis, Intoxication, Silver Nitrate, Test.}, volume = {7}, Number = {20}, pages = {804-807}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Utility of Silver Nitrate Test for Post-Mortem Diagnosis of Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Aluminum Phosphide, Diagnosis, Intoxication, Silver Nitrate, Test.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-192-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-192-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Karami, Mohammad and Saeidnia, Sodabah and Naghshvar, Farsh}, title = {The Hepatoprotective Effects of Corn Silk against Dose-induced Injury of Ecstasy (MDMA) Using Isolated Rat Liver Perfusion System}, abstract ={Background: Corn silk (CS) is widely used in Iranian traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate hepatoprotective activity of CS by Isolated Rat Liver Perfusion System (IRLP). Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extract of corn silk (10, 20, 40, and 100 mg kg-1) was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity by IRLP. Phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents from a calibration curve, respectively. IRLP system is ideal for studying biochemical alterations of chemicals with minimum neuro-hormonal effects. In this study, the liver was perfused with Kerbs-Henseleit buffer, containing different concentration of hydro-alcoholic extract of corn silk (10, 20, 40, 50,100mg/kg), added to the buffer, and perfused for 2 hours. During the perfusion, many factors, including amino-transferees activities and the level of GSH, were assessed as indicators of liver viability. Consequently, sections of liver tissues were examined for any histopathological changes. Results: Histopathological changes in liver tissues were related to hydro-alcoholic extract of corn silk concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Also, 50 and 100mg/kg doses caused significant (P<0.05) histopathological changes. Level of GSH in samples perfused with hydro-alcoholic extract increased compared to the control group. Conclusion: Hepatoprotective effect of CS is due to decreased lipid peroxidation, although other mechanisms might also be involved.}, Keywords = {Glutathione, Krebs-Henseleit, Liver Injury, N-Methyl-3, Zea Mays, 4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine. }, volume = {7}, Number = {20}, pages = {808-815}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {The Hepatoprotective Effects of Corn Silk against Dose-induced Injury of Ecstasy (MDMA) Using Isolated Rat Liver Perfusion System}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Glutathione, Krebs-Henseleit, Liver Injury, N-Methyl-3, Zea Mays, 4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine. }, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-195-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-195-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mansouri, Borhan and Baramaki, Rahimeh and Zareh, Maryam and Pourkhabbaz, Alireza and Hamidian, Amir Hossei}, title = {Bioaccumulation and Depuration of Copper in the Kidney and Liver of a Freshwater Fish, Capoeta fusca}, abstract ={Background: This study aims to investigate the patterns of bioaccumulation and depuration of copper in the selected kidney and liver of Capoeta fusca. Methods: The fish were collected between September and November 2010 from a qanat in Birjand. They were exposed to two types treatments with copper (0.25 and 0.75 mg/L) for a period of 41 days. The fish under study were exposed to the above-mentioned sub-lethal concentrations separately for 14 and 21 days (accumulation period). At the end of this period, the remaining fish were kept in tap water (elimination period) for 31 and 41 days. Results: The findings showed that the accumulation of copper in lower and higher sub-lethal concentrations was higher in kidney as the mean accumulation of copper on day 21 was 1.9±0.1 μg/g and 2.93±0.47 μg/g respectively, in 0.25 μg/g and 0.75 μg/g concentrations. On the other hand, the results also showed that the depuration level of copper in the given concentrations was higher in liver than kidney. The bioaccumulation and depuration of copper significantly increased in the kidney and liver of C. fusca (P<0.01). Conclusion: Based on the present work, it is concluded that C. fusca has a potential for the rapid accumulation and depuration of copper in freshwater. Also, the results indicate that the fish C. fusca, as representative fish species in the East of Iran, can be a useful bioindicator organism of water contamination with copper.}, Keywords = {Copper, Elimination, Long-Term Exposure, Toxicity, Uptake.}, volume = {7}, Number = {20}, pages = {816-822}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Bioaccumulation and Depuration of Copper in the Kidney and Liver of a Freshwater Fish, Capoeta fusca}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Copper, Elimination, Long-Term Exposure, Toxicity, Uptake.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-180-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-180-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rai, Rubi and Mishra, Diwakar and KumarSrivastav, Sunil and Suzuki, Nobuo and KumarSrivastav, Ajai}, title = {Effects of lead nitrate on histo-cytological alterations of corpuscles of Stannius of stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis}, abstract ={Background: The present study investigated the effects of lead nitrate on the histo-cytological changes in the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of Heteropneustes fossilis. Methods: Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis were subjected to 657.6 mg/L and 164.4 mg/L of lead nitrate for 96 h and 28 days, respectively. Blood from fish was collected on 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in short-term and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in long-term experiment. Blood was collected for analysis of calcium levels and CS were fixed for histological studies. Results: Plasma calcium levels of the fish remain unaffected at 24 h. The levels decrease after 48 h which persists till 96 h. Plasma calcium levels of the fish exposed to lead for 7 days exhibit a decrease which persists progressively till 28 days. After 96 h, AF-positive cells of CS exhibit increased granulation. No change in the nuclear volume of these cells has been noticed. An increased nuclear volume has been recorded in the AF-negative cells of CS of 96 h lead exposed fish. After 14 days, the nuclear volume of AF-positive cells decreases. Heavy accumulation of secretory granules and decrease in the nuclear volume of AF-positive cells have been recorded after 21 days which pronounced after 28 days. Moreover, few degenerating cells have also been encountered. AF-negative cells of CS exhibit an increase in the nuclear volume after 21 and 28 days lead treatment. Conclusion: Present findings suggest that exposure of the lead to catfish Heteropneustes fossilis caused CS inactivity .}, Keywords = {Corpuscles Of Stannius, Heavy Metal, Lead, Plasma Calcium, Teleost.}, volume = {7}, Number = {20}, pages = {823-830}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Effects of lead nitrate on histo-cytological alterations of corpuscles of Stannius of stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Corpuscles Of Stannius, Heavy Metal, Lead, Plasma Calcium, Teleost.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-201-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-201-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nnoli, Martin Anazodo and Legbosi, Nwidu Lucky and Nwafor, Paul Alozie and Chukwuonye, Ijezie Innocent}, title = {Toxicological Investigation of Acute Cyanide Poisoning of a 29-year-old Man: A Case Report}, abstract ={Background: Cyanide poisoning is frequently lethal, Because of the early onset of severe symptoms and difficulty in the diagnosis. Case: The case was a 29-year-old boy who collapsed suddenly after taking a bottle of beer in a bar. Samples, such as peripheral blood, stomach contents, bile fluid, urine and mouth swabs, were prepared using standard autopsy procedure and were subjected to analysis for cyanide using visible spectrophotometric method. The cyanide contents in samples, included stomach content (260 ppm), bile fluid (272 ppm), blood (256 ppm), and mouth swab (265 ppm). Conclusion: The cause of death was acute myocardial infarction following acute poisoning from ingestion of cyanide salts. Its lethality was related to the rapid onset of toxicity, non-specific nature of the symptoms, and failure to consider the diagnosis. Regarding the absence of pathognomonic symptoms for its toxicity, delay in acquiring a full history and unexplained sudden collapse or acidosis which worsen the prognosis, cyanide intoxication needs to be expeditiously diagnosed and managed.}, Keywords = {Cyanides, Myocardial Infarction, Poisoning, Shock, Sudden Death.}, volume = {7}, Number = {20}, pages = {831-835}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Toxicological Investigation of Acute Cyanide Poisoning of a 29-year-old Man: A Case Report}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Cyanides, Myocardial Infarction, Poisoning, Shock, Sudden Death.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kazemi, Ali and RiyahiBakhtiari, Alireza and MohammadKarami, Asma and Haidari, Behnam and Kheirabadi, Nabiallah}, title = {Bioavailability and Variability of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu Pollution in Soft Tissues and Shell of Saccostrea cucullata Collected from the Coast of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Marine pollution is a global environmental problem that its monitoring by ideal biomonitors is of great importance. Marine organisms, especially mussels, have the ability to accumulate metals from the environment they can be considered as a biomonitoring agent. Methods: In this study, concentrations of heavy metals were measured in Saccostrea cucullata collected from seven sites on Qeshm Island's Coast. To achieve a digesting sample, each soft tissue was obtained and each of the shell homogeneous powders, 0.8 g and 1 g, respectively, were mixed with 10 mL HNO3 (69%) and poured into a PTFE digestion vessel. The prepared samples were evaluated for Cd, Cu, and Zn by using a flame AAS Model 67OG and for Pb by using a graphite furnace AAS. Results: The distributions of metals between soft tissues and shells were compared in each sampling site. For seven sites, Cd, Zn, and Cu levels in soft tissues were higher than in the shells, but Pb level was higher in the shells than in the soft tissues. In addition, the results indicated the coefficient of variation (CV) in the soft tissues was lower than the shells for Cd, and in the shells lower than the soft tissues for Pb, whereas the CV values were different in both the soft tissues and shells for Zn and Cu. Conclusion: The results of this study support using these materials in S. cucullata for biomonitoring. Shells are appropriate for monitoring Pb contamination, and the soft tissues are more apt for monitoring Cd, Zn, and Cu contamination.}, Keywords = {Biomonitoring, Heavy Metals, Persian Gulf, Qeshm Island, Saccostrea cucullata.}, volume = {7}, Number = {21}, pages = {836-841}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Bioavailability and Variability of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu Pollution in Soft Tissues and Shell of Saccostrea cucullata Collected from the Coast of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Biomonitoring, Heavy Metals, Persian Gulf, Qeshm Island, Saccostrea cucullata.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mansouri, Borhan and Hamidian, Amir Hossei}, title = {Assessment of the Air Quality of Isfahan City, Iran, Using Selected Air Quality Parameters}, abstract ={Background: Today, air pollution is one of the major problems in large cities including Isfahan. Methods: The objective of this study was to investigate the variations of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10) concentrations in different months at three stations and also to explore the correlations between pollutants. Monthly averages of air pollutant concentrations recorded in three pollution monitoring stations (Bozorgmehr, Azadi, and Laleh) were obtained in 2008 and 2009. Results: There were significant monthly variations in the concentrations of air quality parameters. Results showed that there was a correlation between ozone and particle matter (p<0.05), and between nitric oxide and nitrogen oxides (p<0.01). The statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences in the O3, NO, NOx and PM10 concentrations. Conclusion: The air quality monitoring data collected in city center of Isfahan showed seasonal variations for O3, CO, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, and PM10.}, Keywords = {Air Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, Isfahan City, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Dioxide, Urban Area.}, volume = {7}, Number = {21}, pages = {842-848}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Assessment of the Air Quality of Isfahan City, Iran, Using Selected Air Quality Parameters}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Air Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, Isfahan City, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Dioxide, Urban Area.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-208-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-208-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {MohseniKouchesfehani, Homa and Kiani, Sahar and Rostami, Ali Akbar and Fakheri, Rahm}, title = {Cytotoxic Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by MTT Assay}, abstract ={Background: Despite the wide range of applications, there is a serious lack of information on the impact of the nanoparticles on human health and the environment. The present study was done to determine the range of dangerous concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticle and their effects on mouse embryonic stem cells. Methods: Iron oxide nanoparticles with less than 20 nanometers diameter were encapsulated by a PEG-phospholipid. The suspension of iron oxide nanoparticles was prepared using the culture media and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Results: MTT assay was used to examine the cytotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticle s. Royan B1 cells were treated with medium containing different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60µg/ml) of the iron oxide nanoparticle. Cell viability was determined at 12 and 24 hours after treatment which showed significant decreases when concentration and time period increased. Conclusion: The main mechanism of nanoparticles action is still unknown, but in vivo and in vitro studies in different environments suggest that they are capable of producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, they may have an effect on the concentration of intracellular calcium, activation of transcription factors, and changes in cytokine. The results of this study show that the higher concentration and duration of treatment of cells with iron oxide nanoparticles increase the rate of cell death.}, Keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Iron Oxide Nanoparticle, MTT Assay.}, volume = {7}, Number = {21}, pages = {849-853}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Cytotoxic Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by MTT Assay}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Cytotoxicity, Iron Oxide Nanoparticle, MTT Assay.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {RahbarTaramsari, Morteza and Badsar, Alireza and Shafaghi, Afshin and NamakchianNamakin, Maryam and Ebrahimi, Hannan and FallahKarkan, Mortez}, title = {Alteration in Liver Enzymes in Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning, A Retrospective Study}, abstract ={Background: Aluminum phosphide (ALP) or rice tablet is a common agent used as pesticides. It is cheap, widely available and highly toxic and responsible for many cases of poisoning in the agricultural communities. There is limited evidence about change of liver enzymes in patients with ALP poisoning in this region. Therefore, we decided to evaluate alteration of liver enzymes in ALP poisoning in Rasht. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, all documents of patients with ALP poisoning admitted to Razi hospital of Rasht in 2008-2009 were assessed. Inclusion criteria were diagnostic clinical manifestation such as hypotension or metabolic acidosis, history of exposure to ALP during the past 24 hours and progressive signs and symptoms despite treatment (administration of sodium bicarbonate and vasopressor). Patients with past history of hepatic disease were excluded. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS software. Results: Of 104 patients with ALP poisoning, 66 patients (63.5%) were men. The mean age was 33.8±14.69 years, and the mean time of hospitalization was 14.94±18.28 hours. Ninety-five patients (91.3%) needed ventilation and 93 patients (89.4%) died. Statistical analysis demonstrated that elevated liver enzymes were not significantly related with gender, age, time of admission, time of hospitalization, the need for ventilation and mortality. Conclusion: It seems that liver enzymes changes is not seen widely in ALP poisoning and had lower importance than other complications. Because of limited studies in liver enzyme alterations in these patients, it is suggested that more studies with largee sample size is performed to investigate the ALP liver side effects.}, Keywords = {Aluminum Phosphide, Poisoning, Transaminases.}, volume = {7}, Number = {21}, pages = {854-857}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Alteration in Liver Enzymes in Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning, A Retrospective Study}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Aluminum Phosphide, Poisoning, Transaminases.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-205-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-205-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {SinghYadav, Abhay and Bhatnagar, Anita and Kaur, Manjeet}, title = {Aberrations in the Chromosomes of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) upon Exposure to Butachlor}, abstract ={Background: Cirrhinus mrigala, one of the important fish widely consumed in India, was used for karyological observations and to evaluate the toxic effect of butachlor, an extensively used herbicide in rice fields in terms of chromosomal aberration test. Methods: Fishes were collected from “National Fish Seed Farm” Jyotisar with mean body weight of 20-50g. The experimental fishes were kept in two treatments each with replicate of two. There were 15 fish each in the control group (T1) without exposure to butachlor and in T2 where fishes were exposed to butachlor. Results: Karyotype revealed the 2n=50 chromosome from the somatic cell. Chromosomal aberrations were reported after 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs, and 96 hrs from kidney cell preparation in fishes exposed to 1.0 ppm, sublethal concentration of butachlor. Frequencies of chromosomal aberration revealed a significant (P<0.05) time-dependent response. Stickiness and clumping appeared at 24 and 48 hrs of exposure, end to end joining appeared after 72 hrs and chromosomal fragmentations were observed after exposure for 96 hrs. Conclusion: These studies clearly revealed the genotoxic potential of butachlor even at low dose level (1.0 ppm) and suggest that butachlor interferes with cellular activities in fishes at genetic level, inducing chromosomal aberrations. Therefore, the results of these investigations suggest a serious concern towards the potential danger of butachlor for aquatic organisms and the environment suggesting judicious and careful use of this pesticide in agricultural area. These aberrations in chromosome from kidney cell preparation illustrate the risk that butachlor possesses.}, Keywords = {Chromosomal Aberrations, Clumping, End to End joining, Karyotype, Stickiness. }, volume = {7}, Number = {21}, pages = {858-865}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Aberrations in the Chromosomes of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) upon Exposure to Butachlor}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Taheri, Seyed Kazem and Afzali, Saeed and Torabian, Saadat}, title = {Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome in Alcohol, Psychotropic Drugs, and Illicit Substance Poisonings}, abstract ={Background: Rhabdomyolysis is one of the major complications of poisoning caused by alcohol, narcotics, and psychotropic substances acute toxicity, which might lead to acute renal failure and even death. This study aimed to evaluate clinical and laboratory findings of rhabdomyolysis syndrome in poisoning patients who were admitted to poisoning ward of Farshchian Hospital of Hamadan, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with acute toxicity by alcohol, narcotics, or psychotropic drugs who were admitted in poisoning ward of Farshchian Hospital of Hamadan were investigated during a 6-month period in 2012. Clinical and laboratory data were collected by a standard questionnaire and analyzed by the SPSS software version 16. Results: Eighty-two patients aged between 14 to 81 years were investigated. Twenty-two cases developed rhabdomyolysis and narcotics related toxicity was the most common cause. The most common clinical symptom in all patients was muscle pain (51cases, Laboratory studies showed some significant differences between serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum creatinine, and aminotransferases (AST,ALT) levels in rhabdomyolysis cases as compared to the others (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the incidence of rhabdomyolysis syndrome in acute intoxication with alcohol and narcotics is significant and without proper treatment might cause serious complications such as acute renal failure and even death. Classic clinical signs and symptoms of rhabdomyolysis are usually not present simultaneously, thus strong clinical suspicion and proper laboratory tests have important role in early diagnosis and suitable treatment. Laboratory studies have an important role in the diagnosis of this syndrome.}, Keywords = {Ethanol, Kidney Injury, Narcotics, Psychotropic Drugs, Rhabdomyolysis.}, volume = {7}, Number = {21}, pages = {866-870}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome in Alcohol, Psychotropic Drugs, and Illicit Substance Poisonings}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Ethanol, Kidney Injury, Narcotics, Psychotropic Drugs, Rhabdomyolysis.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zarei, Iman and Pourkhabbaz, Alireza and Babaei, Hadi}, title = {Evaluation of Some Physiochemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Contamination in Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran, Using a New Pollution Index Approach}, abstract ={Background: The pollution of the aquatic environment with heavy metals has become a worldwide problem during recent years, due to their potential toxic effects and ability to bio-accumulate in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals are sensitive indicators for monitoring changes in the aquatic environment. Methods: In this study, total concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Fe were measured in water and sediments from nine sites, based on ecological conditions and human activities and the effects of sediment pH and sediment organic matter on bioavailability of selected metals were determined. Modified degree of contamination (mCd) was computed in order to determine anthropogenically derived sediment contamination. Results: Mean concentration of metals in water found to be in the following order: Pb > Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr, while in sediment samples it was Fe > Cr > Zn > Pb > Cu. The average content of examined metals in water was higher than the chronic values in marine surface water guideline values. Mean content of Cr, Pb and Fe in sediments were higher than average of the less contaminated sample but Cu and Zn were lower than this guideline value. In the study area, mCd values were less than 1.5 with values ranging from 0.71 to 1.02. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated with a decrease in organic matter and pH in sediments, the concentration of copper and iron increased. Base on modified contamination degree, the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve are considered to be in the zero to very low contamination status.}, Keywords = {Bio-Accumulate, Copper, Heavy Metals, Lead, Mcd, Water Pollution.}, volume = {7}, Number = {21}, pages = {871-877}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Evaluation of Some Physiochemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Contamination in Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran, Using a New Pollution Index Approach}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Bio-Accumulate, Copper, Heavy Metals, Lead, Mcd, Water Pollution.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Heidary, Majid and Malekpour, Keyvan and Hosseini, Mostafa and Karbalaei-Esmaeili, Sima and Kazemifar, Amir Mohamm}, title = {A Case of Profound Soft Tissue Infection of Lower Limb Contained Maggots after IV Abuse of Iranian}, abstract ={Background: Infections include soft tissue infections are notable reason for hospital admission among IDUs, owing to unsterile injection techniques and equipment, contamination of drugs with organisms, and poor hygiene. In present case report a patient with profound limb infection is introduced. Case: A 32 years old man was transferred to the emergency department. He was IDU with Iranian for 3 years. Gangrenous deformity of left lower extremity below the knee was seen. Live maggots were moving around the limb freely. The patient underwent before knee amputation (BKA) to remove the infected tissues of the limb. Conclusion: In order to evaluate and treat the serious infectious disease problems, drug abuse treatment programs will need to develop appropriate procedures. It is important that physicians, nurses, and other health care providers become better educated about drug abuse. Workers in drug abuse treatment should be well informed about infectious diseases and other complications of drug abuse.}, Keywords = {Crack, IDU, Iran, Soft Tissue Infection.}, volume = {7}, Number = {21}, pages = {878-881}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {A Case of Profound Soft Tissue Infection of Lower Limb Contained Maggots after IV Abuse of Iranian}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Crack, IDU, Iran, Soft Tissue Infection.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Aghakhani, Kamran and Rasouli, Adel and Jamilian, Hamidreza and Memarian, Azadeh}, title = {Differences in Demographic and Psychological Variables in Suicide by Self-immolation and Poisoning}, abstract ={Background: Self-immolation and intentional poisoning are two common methods for suicidal attempts in developing countries. Few studies have compared the characteristics of people who commit suicide by self-immolation or intentional poisoning. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare demographic, social, and psychological features between these two groups. Methods: In the present study, patients hospitalized after suicide by self-immolation in Shaheed Motahari Hospital, Tehran, were compared to patients hospitalized due to intentional poisoning in Loghman Hakim Hospital, Tehran, in 2011. Demographic and psychological data were collected by interviews and questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software (version 16). Results: Overall, 50 patients with poisoning and 21 patients with self-immolation were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The mean age of the patients in the poisoning group was significantly lower than the self-immolation group (P=0.007). The number of married people in the self-immolation group was significantly higher than the poisoning group (P=0.014). Substance abuse was also significantly higher (P=0.048) and educational level was significantly lower (P=0.023) in the self-immolation group. However, the prevalence of anxiety disorders (P=0.001) and adjustment disorders (P=0.007) was significantly higher in the poisoning group than the self-immolation group. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the presence of differences between individuals who commit suicide by self-immolation or by poisoning in terms of demographic and psychological factors. Identification of these differences can be important in planning suicide prevention measures and education.}, Keywords = {Demographic Factors, Mental Illness, Personality Disorders, Poisoning,Self-Immolation, Suicide .}, volume = {7}, Number = {22}, pages = {882-886}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Differences in Demographic and Psychological Variables in Suicide by Self-immolation and Poisoning}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Demographic Factors, Mental Illness, Personality Disorders, Poisoning,Self-Immolation, Suicide .}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Hedayati, Aliakbar and Ghaffari, Zahr}, title = {Evaluation of the Effects of Exposure to Copper Sulfate on some Eco-physiological Parameters in Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)}, abstract ={Background: Copper is a trace element vital to life, but the toxic effect of water pollution with it on fish is now exhibited. Fish blood is susceptible to contamination-induced stress and its alternation due to the hematological and immunological parameters can be utilized as toxicity indices of xenobiotics. Methods: In this study, juvenile species of silver carp with average weight of 200gr were kept in laboratory conditions for seven days in a 400l tank. One control group consisted of 21 fish stored in a fiberglass tank. The fish were rendered unconscious immediately with 200ppm clove powder. Blood samples were drawn from tail blood vessels by heparinized syringes and saved without delay in ice. Data analysis was done by t-test and ANOVA using SPSS version 19. Results: The immunological (lymphocyte, neutrophil), hematological (Hb, Ht, RBC, MCH, MCHC, WBC) and biochemical (Glucose, Cortisol) indices of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were investigated at low (10%LC50) and high (50%LC50) concentrations of CuSO4 for 96h. At both concentrations, Ht, Hb, MCV, RBC, and lymphocyte were significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01) lower than control group whereas MCH, MCHC, WBC, glucose, cortisol, neutrophil were significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01) larger in comparison with the corresponding control group. Conclusion: The main finding of this study is that CuSO4 concentrations (low and high) may cause some alternations in the hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of the studied fish. Assessment of these indices can supply a useful indicator of CuSO4 of water bodies. It appears that MCHC is an appropriate biomarker of CuSO4 in silver carp (H. molitrix).}, Keywords = {Aquatic Ecosystems, Heavy Metals, Pollutions, Toxicology.}, volume = {7}, Number = {22}, pages = {887-893}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Evaluation of the Effects of Exposure to Copper Sulfate on some Eco-physiological Parameters in Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Aquatic Ecosystems, Heavy Metals, Pollutions, Toxicology.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-260-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-260-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ikpesu, Thomas}, title = {Depuration Technique of Xenobiotics with Reference to Accumulation and Elimination of Paraquat Dichloride in Clarias Gariepinus}, abstract ={Background: Paraquat dichloride is a highly toxic herbicide which is still used in many developing countries. African cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) is a commercially important species in many countries and was selected assess accumulation and elimination of paraquat dichloride in its tissues. Methods: Groups of ten fish with equal lengths and weights were exposed to varying concentrations of Paraquat dichloride for 28 days. After the exposure, the fish were transferred to uncontaminated water. Two fish were sampled for pesticide residue at the end of exposure period (28days) and 1, 7 and 14 days post exposure. Results: In pesticide treated fish, the accumulation of paraquat increased with increases in the concentration of the toxicant and varied significantly between the treatments (p < 0.05). The herbicide depurated gradually with cessation of exposure and no pesticide was observed after 14 days. Conclusion: Xenobiotics could be eliminated from aquatic organisms especially fishes and could be put into practice in areas at risk of pollutants. This novel approach can reduce the risks of biomagnification of poisons in sea food.}, Keywords = {Clarias Gariepinus, Paraquat Dichloride, Pesticides, Pollutants.}, volume = {7}, Number = {22}, pages = {894-899}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Depuration Technique of Xenobiotics with Reference to Accumulation and Elimination of Paraquat Dichloride in Clarias Gariepinus}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kamalbeik, Sepideh and Kouchek, Mehran and BaseriSalehi, Majid and Fallah, Fatemeh and Malekan, Mohammad Ali and Talaie, Haleh}, title = {Prevalence of Class 2 Integrons in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii in Toxicological ICU Patients in Tehran}, abstract ={Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic pathogen which causes complications in hospitalized patients, especially those in ICU. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of class 1 and 2 integrons in multi-drug resistance A. baumannii and to investigate the association between the presence of integrons and antibiotic resistance patterns. Methods: A total of 40 A. baumannii strains were isolated from 372 ICU patients from June to Oct 2012. A. baumannii was detected in 50% of tracheal cultures, 15% in blood, 15% in urine samples, and 22.5% in other locations. In accordance with CLSI 2011, 12 antibiotics were used through disc diffusion method. Existence of integron classes was investigated by PCR assay with the amplification of integrase genes. Results: The most effective antibiotic against Acinetobacter baumannii was polymyxin B with 100% susceptibility, followed by meropenem, piperacillin, cotrimoxazole, ceftazidime with 100% resistance this was followed by ciprofloxacin 97.5%, tetracycline, 92.5%, imipenem 62.5%, and gentamicin 60% resistance. The presence of integron class 1 was 7.5%, class 2 was 67.5%, and non-integron was 20%. Conclusion: The association between multidrug resistance and class 2 integron was not statistically significant. Other factors accounting for the lack of significance of the findings may be the impact of other resistance determinants such as transposons or plasmids, not investigated in the current study. Considering the increasing trend of MDR infections among ICU patients with critical problems in follow up, the use of appropriate infection control strategy and a regular surveillance system is necessary in our hospital.}, Keywords = {Acinetobacter Baumannii, Class 1 Integron, Class 2 Integron, Multidrug Resistance, PCR Assay.}, volume = {7}, Number = {22}, pages = {900-906}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Prevalence of Class 2 Integrons in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii in Toxicological ICU Patients in Tehran}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Acinetobacter Baumannii, Class 1 Integron, Class 2 Integron, Multidrug Resistance, PCR Assay.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-258-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-258-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kazemi, Ali and Younesi, Habibollah and Bahramifar, Nader}, title = {Assessment of the Variations in the Composition of the Leachate ‎Generated in Open Dumps in Three Provinces of the Caspian Sea ‎Region, Iran}, abstract ={Background: The municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are disposed in open dumps, which have no leachate collection and removal system, in the Caspian region of Iran. Leachate readily reaches the nearby water resources such as streams, rivers, lakes, and sea. Therefore, understanding the quality and quantity of open dump leachate is vital to the proper treatment of leachate. Methods: The leachate samples from 18 open dumps were monitored and analyzed in terms of 21 different variables, namely pH, EC, temperature, TS, TSS, TDS, VSS, COD, BOD5, PO43--P, SO42-, NH4+-N, TKN, and NO3--N based on the priority to analyze parameters as prescribed by accepted procedures outlined in “Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater”. Moreover, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, total Fe, Mn2+ and Zn2+ elements were determined using a Shimadzu flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Model 67OG. Results: The mean values of parameters in the sites’ leachate samples of the three provinces were compared. The results of comparing the mean values of the parameters in the leachate samples from these provinces demonstrate that Golestan province had a significantly higher concentration of the parameters than Mazandaran and Gilan provinces. Conclusion: These results may be due to the warmer weather conditions in Golestan province in comparison with other provinces. Furthermore, relatively low pH (6.15-6.90), high COD concentration (2607-25307 mg/l), high BOD5/COD ratio (0.56-0.87), and high heavy metal concentration indicated that the open dumps were representative of the acid phase and/or the end of the acid phase and the beginning of the methanogenic phase.}, Keywords = {Caspian Region, Iran, Open Dump Leachate, Solid Waste Management.}, volume = {7}, Number = {22}, pages = {907-914}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Assessment of the Variations in the Composition of the Leachate ‎Generated in Open Dumps in Three Provinces of the Caspian Sea ‎Region, Iran}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Caspian Region, Iran, Open Dump Leachate, Solid Waste Management.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mahmudi, Ghafar Ali and Anbari, Khatereh and Obeidavi, Zi}, title = {Prevalence of clinical manifestations of poisoning in children admitted to hospitals of Khorramabad in2011}, abstract ={Background: Poisoning is considered an important public health issue. Considering the high prevalence of poisonings and the diversity of their ensuing symptoms, this study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of the clinical symptoms of poisoning in children admitted to Shahid Madani and Ta'min Ejtema'i hospitals of Khorramabad in 2011. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data was collected from the records of the children hospitalized with a diagnosis of poisoning in the referral hospitals of Khorramabad in 2011. Collected data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Of the 230 hospitalized patients whose age ranged from 30 days to 11 years (with a mean age of 3.1 years ± 2.4), 117 (50.9%) were male and 113 (49.1%) were female. Neurological (43.5%) and gastrointestinal (21.3%) symptoms ranked as the most common clinical symptoms of poisonings. At P<0.01 level of significance, drug abuse (42%) was identified as the most prevalent cause of neurological symptoms, and hydro-carbonic poisonings (40.81%) stood as the most frequent causes of gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: Neurological complications are viewed as one of the main threats to pediatric health and the high incidence of such complications in the sample of poisoned children in this study suggests that the issue of pediatric poisoning needs to be taken into serious consideration. Furthermore, high priority needs to be accorded to the careful training of the personnel of healthcare centers and the correct treatment of the poisonings which result in neurological complications.}, Keywords = {Children, Drugs, Epidemiology, Hydrocarbon, Poisoning.}, volume = {7}, Number = {22}, pages = {915-920}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Prevalence of clinical manifestations of poisoning in children admitted to hospitals of Khorramabad in2011}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Children, Drugs, Epidemiology, Hydrocarbon, Poisoning.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-256-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-256-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {RahbarTaromsari, Morteza and Badsar, Alireza and Aminian, Keyvan and Abiar, Habib Allah and Fallahkarkan, Morteza and Montazeri, Sina and Abbasi, keyv}, title = {Corrosive Injuries Admitted to Hospitals of Rasht city during 2002-2009}, abstract ={Background: Caustics produce one of the most serious complications of poisonings. This research was aimed to study demographical, clinical and endoscopic findings in patients with corrosive injury. Methods: In a retrospective survey, all records of the patients who had been admitted to Razi and 17th Shahrivar hospital in Rasht city due to the ingestion of caustic agents during 2002-2009 and endoscopy had been performed for them in the first 24 hours after ingestion were studied. The information was analyzed by descriptive method using SPSS 16 software. Results: Among 258 patients in Razi Hospital, 174 (67.4%) were female with mean age of 29.33 years old. 127 patients (61.1%) had intentional ingestion. 208 patients were finally studied. Among them, 175 patients were hospitalized for 2 days (average 1.73 days). Among 45 patients of 17th Shahrivar hospital, 24 (53.3%) were female. All of them had accidental ingestion. The most frequent site of injury in adults was esophagus (37.2%) and in pediatric population was the mouth (66.6%). Of all pediatric patients, one case had grade IIb endoscopic injury. Among cases who underwent endoscopy (in adults),20.8%, 16.7%, 41.6%, 16.7%,4.2% had grade zero, I, IIa, IIb and III injury, respectively .In all cases, bleaches were the most frequent consumed material. Conclusion: In both studied groups, female patients were more affected by corrosive agents and in adults, intentional ingestion was approximately 1.5 times more frequent than the accidental cases while all of pediatric patients had accidental poisoning. Most of the lesions had been received only medical treatment without any surgical interventions.}, Keywords = {Caustics, Corrosive, Poisoning, Rasht.}, volume = {7}, Number = {22}, pages = {921-925}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Corrosive Injuries Admitted to Hospitals of Rasht city during 2002-2009}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Caustics, Corrosive, Poisoning, Rasht.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-252-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-252-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Sarmadian, Hossein and Ghasemikhah, Reza and Mirmoradi, Fatemeh}, title = {The Toxic Effect of Magnetic Field on Protoscoleces of Hydatid Cyst in Vitro}, abstract ={Background: Hydatidosis it is a zoonotic disease which is caused by the larval stages of different species of the tapeworms (Cestoda) of genus Echinococcus. Currently, the surgery is most definitive method of treatment for Hydatid Cyst, but always there is the risk of leakage or rupture during the surgery, therefore it is considered unreliable method. Methods: Protoscoleces of hydatid cysts were placed at the center of 1.5 Tesla magnetic fields in 3 different intervals of 15, 30, and 60 minutes. In each stage, they were exposed to the magnetic field four times and the viability rate of protoscoleces was measured after each exposure period. Results: The results showed a significant difference between viability rates for protoscoleces in case and control groups (P=0.004).In the first stage, when protoscoleces were exposed to the 1.5 Tesla magnetic field for 15 minutes between 1 and 4 times, it did not reveal any significant differences between case and control groups (P=0.793). In the second and third stages, protoscoleces were exposed to the magnetic field for 30 to 60 minutes respectively, it showed significant differences between case and control groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed a decrease in the viability rate of protoscoleces exposed to the 1.5 Tesla magnetic fields for 30 and 60 minutes.}, Keywords = {Hydatid Cyst, Magnetic Field, Protoscolex.}, volume = {7}, Number = {22}, pages = {926-931}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {The Toxic Effect of Magnetic Field on Protoscoleces of Hydatid Cyst in Vitro}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Hydatid Cyst, Magnetic Field, Protoscolex.}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-257-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-257-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Behnoush, Behnam and Taghadosinejad, Fakhredin and Salahshour, Babak and Yousefinejad, ‎ Vahid ‎}, title = {Methadone Overdose and Its Complications in Patients Admitted to ‎the Toxicology Emergency Ward of Baharloo Hospital of Tehran in ‎‎2011-2012‎}, abstract ={Background: To date, studies on methadone overdose in adults have not been ‎reported in Iran. Hence, this study was performed to determine the frequency of ‎methadone overdose and its associated complications in Baharloo Hospital of Tehran ‎between August 2011 and August 2012.‎ Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 390 cases. All patients with ‎methadone overdoses and positive urine screen test for methadone were included in this ‎case study through census method. Demographic data and overdose complications, ‎such as loss of consciousness, respiratory complications, arrhythmia, hemodynamic ‎disturbances, and QTC interval, were recorded in the questionnaire. Data were analyzed ‎by SPSS software and Kolmogorov Smirnov, t-test, and Chi-square tests were used for ‎data analysis.‎ Results: Overall, 84.1% of the samples were male and the mean age of the samples ‎was 35.53±11.25 years (range: 15-84 years). Mean of the methadone dose used in ‎current admissions was 96.13±52.34 mg. Concomitant drug abuse and concomitant ‎uses of medications were seen in 25.9% and 36.9% of the patients, respectively. ‎Respiratory depression, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, aspiration, and arrhythmia were ‎seen in 87.9%, 26.2%, 3.3%, 7.4%, and 15.4% of the patients, respectively. ‎ There were significant differences between concomitant medications, duration of ‎methadone use, and QTc interval prolongation and arrhythmia (P<0.05).‎ Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, initial screening of ECG ‎changes and QT interval prolongation as well as arrhythmias should be considered in ‎patients on methadone therapy and concurrent drug abuse and co-administration of ‎medications that lead to QT prolongation should be avoided in them. ‎}, Keywords = {Arrhythmia, Complications, Methadone, Overdose, Qtc Interval.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {23}, pages = {932-939}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Methadone Overdose and Its Complications in Patients Admitted to ‎the Toxicology Emergency Ward of Baharloo Hospital of Tehran in ‎‎2011-2012‎}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Arrhythmia, Complications, Methadone, Overdose, Qtc Interval.‎}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Ghafari, Reza and Gharehdaghi, Jaber and Solhi‎, Hassan‎}, title = {Comparison of Deferoxamine, Activated Charcoal, and Vitamin C in ‎Changing the Serum Level of Fe in Iron Overloaded Rats}, abstract ={Background: Iron is an essential mineral for normal cellular physiology but its ‎overload can lead to cell injury. For many years, deferoxamine injection has been used ‎as an iron chelator for treatment of iron overload. The aim of this study is to compare ‎oral deferoxamine, activated charcoal, and vitamin C, as an absorbent factor of Fe, in ‎changing the serum level of iron in iron overload rats. ‎ Methods: In this experimental study, all groups were administered 150 mg iron dextran ‎orally by gavage. After eight hours, rats in the first group received oral deferoxamine ‎while those in the second and third groups received oral activated charcoal 1 mg/kg and ‎oral vitamin C 150 mg, respectively. Then, serum levels of iron ware measured in all ‎rats.‎ Results: The mean serum level of iron in rats that received oral deferoxamine was ‎‎258.11±10.49 µg/dl, whereas mean levels of iron in charcoal and vitamin C groups were ‎‎380.88±11.21 µg/dl and 401.22±13.28 µg/dl, respectively. None of the measurements ‎were within safety limits of serum iron.‎ Conclusion: It seems that oral deferoxamine per se may not help physicians in the ‎management of cases presented with iron toxicity. Activated charcoal did not reduce ‎serum iron significantly in this study and further investigations may be warranted to ‎assess the potential clinical utility of its mixture with oral deferoxamine as an adjunct in ‎the clinical management of iron ingestions. ‎}, Keywords = {Ascorbic Acid, Charcoal, Deferoxamine, Iron, Poisoning, Rats.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {23}, pages = {940-943}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Comparison of Deferoxamine, Activated Charcoal, and Vitamin C in ‎Changing the Serum Level of Fe in Iron Overloaded Rats}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Ascorbic Acid, Charcoal, Deferoxamine, Iron, Poisoning, Rats.‎}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-277-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-277-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Hashemi, Seyed Ali and Allameh, Abdolamir ‎ and Daraei, Bahram and MoradiPeynevandi, Kamran and Pashazadeh‎, Rami}, title = {The Effect of Rebadioside A on Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in ‎Kidney of Mice under Acetaminophen Toxicity}, abstract ={Background: Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes renal and hepatic injury. It is ‎also believed that oxidative stress has a pivotal role in APAP-induced renal injury. ‎Therefore, protective effects of different antioxidants have been examined in APAP-‎induced renal and hepatic toxicity models. Stevia rebadiana is a plant with a high ‎degree of natural antioxidant activity in its leaf extract. The aim of this study was to ‎investigate the possible protective effects of rebadioside A one of the main components ‎of stevia extract, on APAP-induced oxidative stress in kidney of mice. ‎ Methods: Oxidative stress was induced in kidney of BALB/c mice by the intraperitoneal ‎‎(i.p.) administration of a single dose of 300 mg/kg APAP. Some of these mice also ‎received rebadioside A (700 mg/kg) (i.p.) 30 minutes after APAP injection. Two and six ‎hours after APAP injection, all mice were sacrificed and malondialdehyde (MDA), ‎glutathione (GSH), free APAP, and glutathione conjugated of APAP (APAP-GSH) were ‎determined in the kidney tissue.‎ Results: GSH depletion and MDA levels significantly (P<0.05) increased in mice treated ‎with either APAP or APAP plus Rebadioside A, respectively in 2 and 6 hours intervals ‎after APAP administration. Significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of free APAP and ‎APAP-GSH levels detected in kidney of mice administrated with APAP plus rebadioside ‎A compared to APAP treated ones.‎ Conclusion: Rebadioside A may be a potential compound in alleviation of APAP-‎induced oxidative stress in kidney of mice after APAP overdoses. ‎}, Keywords = {Acetaminophen, Oxidative Stress, Rebadioside A.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {23}, pages = {944-951}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {The Effect of Rebadioside A on Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in ‎Kidney of Mice under Acetaminophen Toxicity}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Acetaminophen, Oxidative Stress, Rebadioside A.‎}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Kazemzadeh, Nahid and Mohammadi, Saeed and Emamhadi, Mohammadali and Amirfarhangi, Abdollah and Sanaei-Zadeh, Hossei}, title = {Electrocardiographic Manifestations of Benzodiazepine Toxicity}, abstract ={Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and ‎electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of benzodiazepines (BZs).‎ Methods: In this retrospective study, all BZ-poisoned patients hospitalized at Loghman ‎Hakim Hospital between September 2010 and March 2011 were evaluated. Patients’ ‎information including age, sex, time elapsed between the ingestion and presentation, ‎and type of the BZ used were extracted from the patients' charts and recorded. ECGs ‎on presentation to the emergency department (ED) were evaluated and parameters ‎such as PR interval, QRS duration, corrected QT, amplitude of S wave in lead I, height ‎of R wave and R/S ratio in the lead aVR were also measured and recorded.‎ Results: Oxazepam, chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam, alprazolam, diazepam, and ‎clonazepam were ingested by 9 (3%), 13 (4.4%), 29 (9.9%), 105 (35.8%), 65 (22.2%), ‎and 72 (24.6%) patients, respectively. Mean PR interval was reported to be 0.16 ± 0.03 ‎sec and PR interval of greater than 200 msec was detected in 12 (4.5%) patients. Mean ‎QRS duration was 0.07 ± 0.01sec and QRS≥120 msec was observed in 7 (2.6%) ‎cases. ‎ Conclusion: Diazepam is the only BZ that does not cause QRS widening and ‎oxazepam is the only one not causing PR prolongation. It can be concluded that if a ‎patient refers with a decreased level of consciousness and accompanying signs of BZ ‎toxicity, QRS widening in ECG rules out diazepam, whereas PR prolongation rules out ‎oxazepam toxicity.‎}, Keywords = {Benzodiazepines, Electrocardiogram, Manifestations, Poisoning.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {23}, pages = {952-955}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Electrocardiographic Manifestations of Benzodiazepine Toxicity}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Benzodiazepines, Electrocardiogram, Manifestations, Poisoning.‎}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {MohammadKarami, Asma and RiyahiBakhtiari, Alireza and Kazemi, Ali and Kheirabadi, Kheirabadi}, title = {Assessment of Toxic Metals Concentration using Pearl Oyster, ‎Pinctada radiate, as Bioindicator on the Coast of Persian Gulf, Iran‎}, abstract ={Background: Persian Gulf is a semi-closed environment which is affected by pollution ‎from heavy metals. Entrance of heavy metals to the water column and binding to ‎sediment particles can affect the benthic organisms that can accumulate these ‎materials in their body. Noticing this ability, mussels are considered as bio-monitoring ‎agents.‎ Methods: The pearl oyster, Pinctada radiate, and sediment samples were collected ‎from Lengeh Port and Qeshm Island. For measuring heavy metals, 0.5g of soft tissue ‎and 1g of shell and sediment were digested by HNO3 (69%) and hot block digester. The ‎prepared samples were evaluated for Cd, Cu, and Zn using a flame AAS Model 67OG ‎while for Pb a graphite furnace AAS was used.‎ Results: Higher metal accumulations were observed in soft tissues. Positive ‎correlations between Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu concentrations in sediments and soft tissues ‎of oyster were observed. The use of soft tissue of P. radiata as an indicator showed the ‎highest accumulations of Cd (9.76±0.59) and Zn (3142.60±477.10) in Lengeh Port, but ‎there were no significant differences in Cu and Pb concentrations between the two ‎stations.‎ Conclusion: The higher concentrations of heavy metals in P. radiata’ soft tissue in ‎comparison to shell suggested this material as a better heavy metals indicator than ‎shell. Also, the correlation between heavy metals concentration in soft tissue and ‎sediment improve this idea that soft tissue of Pinctada radiata can be considered as a ‎biomonitoring agent for toxic metals pollutions. Hence, using this bioindicator showed ‎Lengeh Port as more polluted station than Qeshm Island.‎}, Keywords = {Bioindicator, Heavy Metals, Persian Gulf, Pinctada Radiata, Shell, Soft ‎Tissue.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {23}, pages = {956-961}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Assessment of Toxic Metals Concentration using Pearl Oyster, ‎Pinctada radiate, as Bioindicator on the Coast of Persian Gulf, Iran‎}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Bioindicator, Heavy Metals, Persian Gulf, Pinctada Radiata, Shell, Soft ‎Tissue.‎}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Salimi, Alireza and Kamalbeik‎, Sepideh ‎ and Mahdavinejad, Arezou and Sabeti, ‎ Shahram‎ and Talaie, ‎ Haleh‎}, title = {Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Ventilator Associated ‎Pneumonia in Toxicological Intensive Care Unit}, abstract ={Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococus Aureus (MRSA) is a cause of ‎nosocomial infections at intensive care unit (ICU), which imposes a high mortality and ‎morbidity on the health care systems.‎ The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of MRSA in patients with clinically ‎suspected ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) in toxicological ICU admitted ‎patients.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed over a period of six months from ‎August 2009 to February 2010. A total of 84 patients with clinically suspected VAP were ‎selected from all 381 ICU admitted patients under mechanical ventilation for more than ‎‎48 hours. MRSA Screen Agar was used to detect resistance in Staph aureus ‎specimens. MRSA was determined as the main outcome.‎ Results: MRSA was the cause in 54% of Staph aureus infected VAPs. Although ‎MRSA infection was not significantly associated with age, gender, cause of poisoning, ‎chronic disease, paraclinical findings, length of hospital stay, and antibiotic prescription ‎‎(P>0.05 for all comparisons), it was reported higher in those who expired than those ‎who survived (66.7% vs. 31.9%, P<0.012)‎.Conclusion: In the main referral toxicological ICU in Tehran, in more than 1 of 3 ‎clinically suspected VAP cases, MRSA was seen which was associated with the poorer ‎outcome, higher inpatient mortality.‎}, Keywords = {Intensive Care Unit, Methicillin Resistance, Pneumonia, Staphylococus ‎Aureus, Ventilator.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {23}, pages = {962-966}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Ventilator Associated ‎Pneumonia in Toxicological Intensive Care Unit}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Intensive Care Unit, Methicillin Resistance, Pneumonia, Staphylococus ‎Aureus, Ventilator.‎}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Sarmadyan, Hossein and Solhi, Hassan and Hajimir, ‎ Tahereh and Najarian-Araghi, Negin and Ghaznavi-Rad, Ehsanollah}, title = {Determination of the Antimicrobial Effects of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract ‎of Cannabis Sativa on Multiple Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from ‎Nosocomial Infections}, abstract ={Background: The science of identification and employment of medicinal plants dates ‎back to the early days of man on earth. Cannabis (hashish) is the most common illegal ‎substance used in the United States and was subjected to extensive research as a ‎powerful local disinfecting agent for mouth cavity and skin and an anti-tubercular agent ‎in 1950.‎ Methods: Clinical strains were isolated from hospitalized patients in Vali-e-Asr Hospital ‎of Arak. The hydro-alcoholic extract of cannabis (5 g) was prepared following liquid-‎liquid method and drying in 45˚C. The antimicrobial properties of the extract were ‎determined through disk diffusion and determination of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory ‎Concentration).‎ Results: First, the sensitivity of bacteria was detected based on disk diffusion method ‎and the zone of inhibition was obtained for MRSA (12 mm), S.aureus 25923 (14 mm), E. ‎coli ESBL+: (10 mm), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7 mm). Disk diffusion for ‎Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter demonstrated no inhibitory zones. Through Broth ‎dilution method, MIC of cannabis extract on the bacteria was determined: E.coli 25922: ‎‎50µg/ml, E.coli ESBL+:100 µg/ml, S.aureus 25923:25 µg/ml, MRSA: 50 µg/ml, ‎Pseudomona aeroginosaESBL+> 100 µg/ml, Pseudomonas: 100 µg/ml, Klebsiella ‎pneumoniae: 100 µg/ml, and Acinetobacter baumannii> 1000.‎ Conclusion: The maximum anti-microbial effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of ‎cannabis was seen for gram positive cocci, especially S. aureus, whereas non-‎fermentative gram negatives presented resistance to the extract. This extract had ‎intermediate effect on Enterobacteriacae family. Cannabis components extracted ‎through chemical analysis can perhaps be effective in treatment of nosocomial ‎infections.‎}, Keywords = { Antibiotic resistance, Cannabis, Nosocomial Infections.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {23}, pages = {967-972}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Determination of the Antimicrobial Effects of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract ‎of Cannabis Sativa on Multiple Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from ‎Nosocomial Infections}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {biotic resistance, Cannabis, Nosocomial Infections.‎}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2014} } @article{ author = {Nnoli, Martin and Lebgbosi, Nwidu Lucky and Chukwuonye, ‎ Innocent Ijezie and Nwabuko, Collins Ogbo}, title = {Toxicological Investigation of Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in ‎Four Occupants of a Fuming Sport Utility Vehicle ‎}, abstract ={Background: This toxicological investigation involves a report on the death of four ‎occupants of a sport utility vehicle on one of the major busy Federal roads of Nigeria ‎where they were held for up to three hours in a traffic jam while the car was steaming.‎ Methods: Autopsy was executed using the standard procedure and toxicological ‎analysis was done using simple spectrophotometric method to establish the level of ‎carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO) in peripheral blood in the four occupants. ‎ Results: The autopsy report indicated generalized cyanosis, sub-conjuctival ‎hemorrhages, marked laryngo-trachea edema with severe hyperemia with frothy fluid ‎discharges characteristic of carbon monoxide poisoning. Toxicological report of the level ‎of HbCO in part per million (ppm) in the peripheral blood of the four occupants was A= ‎‎650 ppm B= 500 ppm C= 480 ppm, and D= 495 ppm against the maximum permissible ‎level of 50 ppm.‎ Conclusion: The sudden death of the four occupants was due to excessive inhalation ‎of the carbon monoxide gas from the exhaust fumes leaking into the cabin of the car. ‎The poor road network, numerous potholes, and traffic jam in most of roads in Nigeria ‎could have exacerbated a leaky exhaust of the smoky second hand SUV car leading to ‎the acute carbon monoxide poisoning. ‎}, Keywords = {Acute Poisoning, Autopsy, Carbon Monoxide, Toxicological Studies.‎}, volume = {7}, Number = {23}, pages = {973-976}, publisher = {Arak University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {Toxicological Investigation of Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in ‎Four Occupants of a Fuming Sport Utility Vehicle ‎}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {Acute Poisoning, Autopsy, Carbon Monoxide, Toxicological Studies.‎}, url = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Toxicology}, issn = {2008-2967}, eissn = {2251-9459}, year = {2014} }