Arak University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Toxicology
2008-2967
2251-9459
7
21
2013
5
1
Bioavailability and Variability of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu Pollution in Soft Tissues and Shell of Saccostrea cucullata Collected from the Coast of Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran
836
841
EN
Ali
Kazemi
Department of Environmental Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
N
Alireza
Riyahi Bakhtiari
Department of Environmental Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
riahi@modares.ac.ir
Y
Asma
Mohammad Karami
Department of Marine Biology Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
N
Behnam
Haidari
Department of Environmental Pollution, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khouzestan, Iran.
N
Nabiallah
Kheirabadi
Department of Marine Biology Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
N
Background: Marine pollution is a global environmental problem that its monitoring by ideal biomonitors is of great importance. Marine organisms, especially mussels, have the ability to accumulate metals from the environment they can be considered as a biomonitoring agent.
Methods: In this study, concentrations of heavy metals were measured in Saccostrea cucullata collected from seven sites on Qeshm Island's Coast. To achieve a digesting sample, each soft tissue was obtained and each of the shell homogeneous powders, 0.8 g and 1 g, respectively, were mixed with 10 mL HNO3 (69%) and poured into a PTFE digestion vessel. The prepared samples were evaluated for Cd, Cu, and Zn by using a flame AAS Model 67OG and for Pb by using a graphite furnace AAS.
Results: The distributions of metals between soft tissues and shells were compared in each sampling site. For seven sites, Cd, Zn, and Cu levels in soft tissues were higher than in the shells, but Pb level was higher in the shells than in the soft tissues. In addition, the results indicated the coefficient of variation (CV) in the soft tissues was lower than the shells for Cd, and in the shells lower than the soft tissues for Pb, whereas the CV values were different in both the soft tissues and shells for Zn and Cu.
Conclusion: The results of this study support using these materials in S. cucullata for biomonitoring. Shells are appropriate for monitoring Pb contamination, and the soft tissues are more apt for monitoring Cd, Zn, and Cu contamination.
Biomonitoring, Heavy Metals, Persian Gulf, Qeshm Island, Saccostrea cucullata.
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.html
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-211-en.pdf
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Toxicology
2008-2967
2251-9459
7
21
2013
5
1
Assessment of the Air Quality of Isfahan City, Iran, Using Selected Air Quality Parameters
842
848
EN
Borhan
Mansouri
Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
borhanmansouri@yahoo.com
Y
Amir Hossein
Hamidian
Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
N
Background: Today, air pollution is one of the major problems in large cities including Isfahan. Methods: The objective of this study was to investigate the variations of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10) concentrations in different months at three stations and also to explore the correlations between pollutants. Monthly averages of air pollutant concentrations recorded in three pollution monitoring stations (Bozorgmehr, Azadi, and Laleh) were obtained in 2008 and 2009. Results: There were significant monthly variations in the concentrations of air quality parameters. Results showed that there was a correlation between ozone and particle matter (p<0.05), and between nitric oxide and nitrogen oxides (p<0.01). The statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences in the O3, NO, NOx and PM10 concentrations.
Conclusion: The air quality monitoring data collected in city center of Isfahan showed seasonal variations for O3, CO, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, and PM10.
Air Pollution, Carbon Monoxide, Isfahan City, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Dioxide, Urban Area.
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-208-en.html
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-208-en.pdf
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Toxicology
2008-2967
2251-9459
7
21
2013
5
1
Cytotoxic Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by MTT Assay
849
853
EN
Homa
Mohseni Kouchesfehani
Department of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
N
Sahar
Kiani
Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
N
Ali Akbar
Rostami
MSc student in Developmental Biology Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
aliakbarrostami6616@yahoo.com
Y
Rahman
Fakheri
BSc in Biology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
N
Background: Despite the wide range of applications, there is a serious lack of information on the impact of the nanoparticles on human health and the environment. The present study was done to determine the range of dangerous concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticle and their effects on mouse embryonic stem cells.
Methods: Iron oxide nanoparticles with less than 20 nanometers diameter were encapsulated by a PEG-phospholipid. The suspension of iron oxide nanoparticles was prepared using the culture media and cell viability was determined by MTT assay.
Results: MTT assay was used to examine the cytotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticle s. Royan B1 cells were treated with medium containing different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60µg/ml) of the iron oxide nanoparticle. Cell viability was determined at 12 and 24 hours after treatment which showed significant decreases when concentration and time period increased. Conclusion: The main mechanism of nanoparticles action is still unknown, but in vivo and in vitro studies in different environments suggest that they are capable of producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, they may have an effect on the concentration of intracellular calcium, activation of transcription factors, and changes in cytokine. The results of this study show that the higher concentration and duration of treatment of cells with iron oxide nanoparticles increase the rate of cell death.
Cytotoxicity, Iron Oxide Nanoparticle, MTT Assay.
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.html
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.pdf
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Toxicology
2008-2967
2251-9459
7
21
2013
5
1
Alteration in Liver Enzymes in Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning, A Retrospective Study
854
857
EN
Morteza
Rahbar Taramsari
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
N
Alireza
Badsar
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
badsar@gums.ac.ir
Y
Afshin
Shafaghi
Department of Gastroenterology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
N
Maryam
Namakchian Namakin
Medical student of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
N
Hannan
Ebrahimi
Medical student of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
N
Morteza
Fallah Karkan
Medical student of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
N
Background: Aluminum phosphide (ALP) or rice tablet is a common agent used as pesticides. It is cheap, widely available and highly toxic and responsible for many cases of poisoning in the agricultural communities. There is limited evidence about change of liver enzymes in patients with ALP poisoning in this region. Therefore, we decided to evaluate alteration of liver enzymes in ALP poisoning in Rasht.
Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, all documents of patients with ALP poisoning admitted to Razi hospital of Rasht in 2008-2009 were assessed. Inclusion criteria were diagnostic clinical manifestation such as hypotension or metabolic acidosis, history of exposure to ALP during the past 24 hours and progressive signs and symptoms despite treatment (administration of sodium bicarbonate and vasopressor). Patients with past history of hepatic disease were excluded. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS software.
Results: Of 104 patients with ALP poisoning, 66 patients (63.5%) were men. The mean age was 33.8±14.69 years, and the mean time of hospitalization was 14.94±18.28 hours. Ninety-five patients (91.3%) needed ventilation and 93 patients (89.4%) died. Statistical analysis demonstrated that elevated liver enzymes were not significantly related with gender, age, time of admission, time of hospitalization, the need for ventilation and mortality.
Conclusion: It seems that liver enzymes changes is not seen widely in ALP poisoning and had lower importance than other complications. Because of limited studies in liver enzyme alterations in these patients, it is suggested that more studies with largee sample size is performed to investigate the ALP liver side effects.
Aluminum Phosphide, Poisoning, Transaminases.
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-205-en.html
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-205-en.pdf
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Toxicology
2008-2967
2251-9459
7
21
2013
5
1
Aberrations in the Chromosomes of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) upon Exposure to Butachlor
858
865
EN
Abhay
Singh Yadav
Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, India.
N
Anita
Bhatnagar
Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, India.
anitabhatnagar@gmail.com
Y
Manjeet
Kaur
Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, India.
N
Background: Cirrhinus mrigala, one of the important fish widely consumed in India, was used for karyological observations and to evaluate the toxic effect of butachlor, an extensively used herbicide in rice fields in terms of chromosomal aberration test.
Methods: Fishes were collected from “National Fish Seed Farm” Jyotisar with mean body weight of 20-50g. The experimental fishes were kept in two treatments each with replicate of two. There were 15 fish each in the control group (T1) without exposure to butachlor and in T2 where fishes were exposed to butachlor.
Results: Karyotype revealed the 2n=50 chromosome from the somatic cell. Chromosomal aberrations were reported after 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs, and 96 hrs from kidney cell preparation in fishes exposed to 1.0 ppm, sublethal concentration of butachlor. Frequencies of chromosomal aberration revealed a significant (P<0.05) time-dependent response. Stickiness and clumping appeared at 24 and 48 hrs of exposure, end to end joining appeared after 72 hrs and chromosomal fragmentations were observed after exposure for 96 hrs.
Conclusion: These studies clearly revealed the genotoxic potential of butachlor even at low dose level (1.0 ppm) and suggest that butachlor interferes with cellular activities in fishes at genetic level, inducing chromosomal aberrations. Therefore, the results of these investigations suggest a serious concern towards the potential danger of butachlor for aquatic organisms and the environment suggesting judicious and careful use of this pesticide in agricultural area. These aberrations in chromosome from kidney cell preparation illustrate the risk that butachlor possesses.
Chromosomal Aberrations, Clumping, End to End joining, Karyotype, Stickiness.
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.html
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.pdf
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Toxicology
2008-2967
2251-9459
7
21
2013
5
1
Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome in Alcohol, Psychotropic Drugs, and Illicit Substance Poisonings
866
870
EN
Seyed Kazem
Taheri
Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Ethics, Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
N
Saeed
Afzali
Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Ethics, Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
afzali691@yahoo.com
Y
Saadat
Torabian
Department of Community Medicine, Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
N
Background: Rhabdomyolysis is one of the major complications of poisoning caused by alcohol, narcotics, and psychotropic substances acute toxicity, which might lead to acute renal failure and even death. This study aimed to evaluate clinical and laboratory findings of rhabdomyolysis syndrome in poisoning patients who were admitted to poisoning ward of Farshchian Hospital of Hamadan, Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with acute toxicity by alcohol, narcotics, or psychotropic drugs who were admitted in poisoning ward of Farshchian Hospital of Hamadan were investigated during a 6-month period in 2012. Clinical and laboratory data were collected by a standard questionnaire and analyzed by the SPSS software version 16. Results: Eighty-two patients aged between 14 to 81 years were investigated. Twenty-two cases developed rhabdomyolysis and narcotics related toxicity was the most common cause. The most common clinical symptom in all patients was muscle pain (51cases, Laboratory studies showed some significant differences between serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum creatinine, and aminotransferases (AST,ALT) levels in rhabdomyolysis cases as compared to the others (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the incidence of rhabdomyolysis syndrome in acute intoxication with alcohol and narcotics is significant and without proper treatment might cause serious complications such as acute renal failure and even death. Classic clinical signs and symptoms of rhabdomyolysis are usually not present simultaneously, thus strong clinical suspicion and proper laboratory tests have important role in early diagnosis and suitable treatment. Laboratory studies have an important role in the diagnosis of this syndrome.
Ethanol, Kidney Injury, Narcotics, Psychotropic Drugs, Rhabdomyolysis.
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.html
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.pdf
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Toxicology
2008-2967
2251-9459
7
21
2013
5
1
Evaluation of Some Physiochemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Contamination in Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran, Using a New Pollution Index Approach
871
877
EN
Iman
Zarei
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
iman_zarei89@yahoo.com
Y
Alireza
Pourkhabbaz
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
N
Hadi
Babaei
Inland Water Aquaculture Research Institute, Anzali Port, Iran.
N
Background: The pollution of the aquatic environment with heavy metals has become a worldwide problem during recent years, due to their potential toxic effects and ability to bio-accumulate in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals are sensitive indicators for monitoring changes in the aquatic environment.
Methods: In this study, total concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Fe were measured in water and sediments from nine sites, based on ecological conditions and human activities and the effects of sediment pH and sediment organic matter on bioavailability of selected metals were determined. Modified degree of contamination (mCd) was computed in order to determine anthropogenically derived sediment contamination. Results: Mean concentration of metals in water found to be in the following order: Pb > Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr, while in sediment samples it was Fe > Cr > Zn > Pb > Cu. The average content of examined metals in water was higher than the chronic values in marine surface water guideline values. Mean content of Cr, Pb and Fe in sediments were higher than average of the less contaminated sample but Cu and Zn were lower than this guideline value. In the study area, mCd values were less than 1.5 with values ranging from 0.71 to 1.02.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated with a decrease in organic matter and pH in sediments, the concentration of copper and iron increased. Base on modified contamination degree, the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve are considered to be in the zero to very low contamination status.
Bio-Accumulate, Copper, Heavy Metals, Lead, Mcd, Water Pollution.
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.html
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.pdf
Arak University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Toxicology
2008-2967
2251-9459
7
21
2013
5
1
A Case of Profound Soft Tissue Infection of Lower Limb Contained Maggots after IV Abuse of Iranian
878
881
EN
Majid
Heidary
Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
Keyvan
Malekpour
Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
Mostafa
Hosseini
Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
Sima
Karbalaei-Esmaeili
Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
Amir Mohammad
Kazemifar
MD, Department of Forensic Medicine, Ghazvin University of Medical Sciences, Ghazvin, Iran.
dr.houshmand@yahoo.com
Y
Background: Infections include soft tissue infections are notable reason for hospital admission among IDUs, owing to unsterile injection techniques and equipment, contamination of drugs with organisms, and poor hygiene. In present case report a patient with profound limb infection is introduced.
Case: A 32 years old man was transferred to the emergency department. He was IDU with Iranian for 3 years. Gangrenous deformity of left lower extremity below the knee was seen. Live maggots were moving around the limb freely. The patient underwent before knee amputation (BKA) to remove the infected tissues of the limb.
Conclusion: In order to evaluate and treat the serious infectious disease problems, drug abuse treatment programs will need to develop appropriate procedures. It is important that physicians, nurses, and other health care providers become better educated about drug abuse. Workers in drug abuse treatment should be well informed about infectious diseases and other complications of drug abuse.
Crack, IDU, Iran, Soft Tissue Infection.
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.html
http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.pdf