Showing 7 results for Safety
Musa Toyin Yakubu , Musa Isah Fakai Musa,
Volume 6, Issue 16 (4-2012)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background: Alkaloids from Senna alata leaves implicated as the active constituents of abortifacient are yet to be investigated for their effects on the normal functioning of the maternal liver and kidney. Therefore, the effects of crude alkaloids on some biochemical indices of kidney and liver damage were investigated in pregnant rats.
Methods: Pregnant rats were randomized into 4 groups: A (control), B, C, and D and were orally administered 0.5 ml of distilled water, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the alkaloids respectively once daily on days 10-18 post coitum.
Results: Thin-layer chromatographic separation gave five spots with Rf values of 0.28, 0.33, 0.39, 0.47, and 0.55 that produced creamy precipitate and reddish-brown colour, respectively, with Mayer’s and Wagner’s reagents. Quantitative determination gave 0.30 g which corresponded to a percentage yield of 1.50 % of the alkaloids. The decreases in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate (AST) and alanine transaminases in the liver and kidney of the animals by the alkaloids were accompanied by corresponding increases in the serum enzymes. The alkaloids reduced liver- and kidney-body weight ratios, serum globulin, urea, uric acid, and phosphate ions while the serum concentrations of albumin, bilirubin, creatinine, potassium ions, AST/ALT ratio, blood urea nitrogen: creatinine increased. The levels of sodium, calcium, and chloride ions did not change significantly (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Overall, the alkaloid at doses of 250-1000 mg/kg body weight produced permeability changes in the plasma membrane of the organs and adversely affected the normal secretory, synthetic, and excretory functions of these organs.
Musa Toyin Yakubu, Babasoji Percy Omoniwa,
Volume 6, Issue 18 (10-2012)
Abstract
Background: Massularia acuminata has been claimed to be used in managing several ailments in folk medicine and in some instances substantiated with scientific data. This however has been without recourse to its safety. Therefore, aqueous stem extract of M. acuminata was evaluated for its effects on some function indices of the liver of male rats.
Methods: Sixty, male rats were grouped into 4 (A, B, C and D) such that Group A (control) was orally administered 1cm3 of distilled water while those in groups B, C and D received orally 1 cm3 of extract corresponding to 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight respectively. Some biochemical parameters of liver function were evaluated in the animals after 1, 7 and 21 daily doses.
Results: The extract significantly decreased (P<0.05) the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the liver of rats throughout the experimental period. This decrease was accompanied by corresponding increase in the serum enzyme. In contrast, all the doses of the extract increased the activities of both the AST and ALT in the liver and serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase as well as the concentrations of serum total bilirubin, protein and albumin.
Conclusion: This study has revealed that the aqueous stem extract of Massularia acuminata at the doses of 250-1000 mg/kg body weight hampered the normal functioning of the liver of male rats and is therefore not safe for oral consumption at the doses investigated.
Soheil Sobhanardakani,
Volume 9, Issue 29 (4-2015)
Abstract
Background: Pesticides are one of the important sources of environmental pollution that influence human health. The aim of current study was to determine diazinon and benomyl residues levels in mushrooms grown in greenhouses.
Methods: Mushroom samples were obtained from 10 active greenhouses of Hamadan Province, Iran, every 14 days from May 2014. The absorbance of diazinon and benomyl were measured at 435nm in a Chemistry laboratory in Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University by spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and one-sample test in SPSS 20 statistical package.
Results: Diazinon residue levels in mushroom ranged from 0.026 to 0.185mg/kg. Approximately 90.0% of mushrooms were contaminated with diazinon, which was significantly more than MRL for human consumption provided by European :::::union::::: (0.05mg/kg). Benomyl residue levels ranged from 0.00025 to 0.097mg/kg. Approximately 50.0% of mushrooms were contaminated with benomyl, which was significantly higher than the MRL for human consumption provided by WHO (0.01mg/kg).
Conclusion: Mushrooms of Hamedan Province, Iran, Greenhouses contamination with diazinon and benomyl is higher than international standards.
Musa Toyin Yakubu, Ayodeji Luqman Quadri ,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (1-2016)
Abstract
Background: Garcinia kola seed is consumed indiscriminately in Nigeria without recourse to its potential toxicity. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the toxicity of the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds on selected tissues of male rats.
Methods: Thirty male rats (215.00 ± 18.58 g) were assigned into four groups: A, B, C and D which received 0.5 ml of distilled water, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively, once daily for 7 days. Biochemical indices of organ damage and toxicity were determined using standard methods.
Results: The extract significantly (P<0.05) increased the testes-body weight ratio, activities of testicular alkaline phosphatase (ALP), heart, testes and serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity, serum concentrations of uric acid, K+, creatinine and PO43-. The liver-body weight ratio, activities of kidney and serum ALP, liver, heart and serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), serum and testicular acid phosphatase (ACP), concentrations of serum albumin, globulin, urea, Na+ , HCO3-, conjugated and total bilirubin were reduced. The heart- and kidney-body weight ratios and liver ALP were not significantly (P>0.05) altered.
Conclusion: The treatment related alterations in the present study indicates that the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds at the doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight caused functional toxicity to the organs of the animals and thus not safe as an oral remedy.
Mohammad Hossein Hesami , Seyed Ebrahim Sajjadi , Ali Hosseini-Sharifabad,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (1-2017)
Abstract
Background: Mentha longifolia is one of the aromatic medicinal plant belongs to Lamiaceae family. There are some active ingredients in the essential oil of M. longifolia, which potentially could impair the hepatic function. The aim of this study was to find the maximum dose of essential oil of M. longifolia (EOML) that does not show any hepatic deterioration.
Methods: Adult Wistar rats fed different doses of EOML as 50, 100, 200, 300, 400or 600 mg/kg, for two wk. After the completion of administration, the serum activity of ALT, AST, and ALPas the well-known liver toxicity enzymes and the serum total billirubine were measured, by spectrophotometer. The study was done at 2016 in Isfahan Pharmacy School, Isfahan, Iran.
Results: Totally, 400 mg/kg of EOML significantly raised all of the evaluating factors compare to the control group. We found complete mortality in animals that received 600 mg/kg of EOML.
Conclusion: The essential oil of M. longifolia is not entirely safe especially for the liver. Administration at the dose of 400 mg/kg leads to the hepatotoxic effect. The death occurred in the higher doses. The possible mechanisms for the EOML liver toxicity are triggering of oxidative stress or apoptosis by its ingredient like pulegone compound.
Parisa Ziarati, Estatira Sepehr, Saeed Heidari , Maryam Moslehishad ,
Volume 11, Issue 5 (8-2017)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to introduce a new and economical method for reduction of nitrate content in canned apples and pears.
Methods: The nitrate content was determined before and after treatment with CaHPO4 ranging from 0.01% to 0.1% using spectroscopic method in 2015 in Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran- Iran. The effect of treatment time at three different time points (30, 60, 90 min) was determined. Sensory evaluation was performed using five-point hedonic scales.
Results: Nitrate content in fresh fruit is significantly (P<0.05) lower than canned products; this may be explained by the effect of water for washing fruits during processing. The mean value of nitrate in canned apples were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to the canned pears; this may be related to the type of fruits and its texture and composition. Nitrate content of canned apples and pears were decreased from 233.24±24.90 to 128.80±0.423 and 195.11±20.32 to 118.804±0.634 mg/kg, respectively. Different concentration of CaHPO4 did not influence sensory attributes of canned apples while overall acceptance of canned pears decreased only in 0.1% CaHPO4 (P<0.05). The most efficient time for treating by CaHPO4 was 90 min, but the most practical one is recommended 30 min. Addition of CaHPO4 did not change pH of canned samples.
Conclusion: Application of CaHPO4 is suggested as a novel, safe and economical method for removal of nitrate in canned products.
Mrs. Gina Nuranti, Mrs. Jujun Ratnasari, Mr. Irgi Indrawan, Miss Risti Mulyani Nur Kauthsar,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (2-2026)
Abstract
Background: Karas Tulang (Chloranthus erectus [C. erectus]), a plant in the Chloranthaceae family, has been traditionally used in Indonesia as a tea for its potential to enhance stamina and prevent fatigue. Despite its various biological and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, the safety and toxicity of C. erectus have not been extensively studied. The present study aimed to assess the acute toxicity of the methanol extract of C. erectus leaves on mice (Mus musculus) using the OECD 420 method.
Methods: Acute toxicity testing was conducted by administering a single dose of the methanol extract to female Swiss Webster mice at varying doses (5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg BW). Throughout the 14-day observation period, no significant signs of toxicity or mortality were observed, even at the highest dose (2000 mg/kg).
Results: Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests revealed no significant differences in the organ weight index of mice across all treatment groups (P>0.05). According to an estimated LD50 value greater than 2000 mg/kg, the methanol extract of C. erectus can be classified as a Category 5 compound with low toxicity, according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) classification.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the methanol extract of C. erectus leaves has a relatively safe toxicity profile, consistent with its traditional use as an herbal remedy. However, further studies are required to evaluate the long-term safety and potential therapeutic applications of this plant.
