Enter your email address
Submit
Write your message
Volume 11, Issue 3 (May-June 2017)
IJT 2017, 11(3): 33-38 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rastegari F, Amin M M, Ebrahim K. Risk of Phthalate Exposure among Hospitalized Patient via Intravenous Fluids Receiving. IJT 2017; 11 (3) :33-38
URL: http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-565-en.html
URL: http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-565-en.html
1- MSc of Chemical Toxicology, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
2- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
3- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. , k.najafabady@sbmu.ac.ir
2- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
3- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. , k.najafabady@sbmu.ac.ir
Abstract: (4479 Views)
Background: Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) products. Several pharmaceutical products have been stored in PET containers, and due to serious health effects of phthalates, migration levels of them into pharmaceutical products must be determined. In the present study, leaching levels of four common phthalate esters including di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) into various types of infusion fluids form four different commercial brand were investigated.
Methods: Trace levels of phthalate esters were successfully extracted by a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method using acetonitrile as dispersive and CCL4 as an extraction solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Results: Different levels DEHP were detected in all samples (mean=10.55±6.88 and maximum=19.7 ppb). While no levels of other phthalates were detected in some samples, some other contained up to 25.1±17.7, 15.4±8.3, 8.1 ppb DEP, DBP, and BBP respectively. Mean total phthalate ester (TPE) levels in infusion fluids were 7.92±5.68 ppb. Phthalate leaching into normal saline was significantly lower than other types of serums and brand ID#3’ products contain minimum phthalate levels compared to other brands.
Conclusions: Hospitalized patient particularly those who regularly take serum-therapy and children are at significant risk of phthalate exposure via intravenous fluids receiving.
Keywords: Exposure Assessment, Hospitalized Patients, Intravenous Fluids, Phthalate Esters, Toxicity
References
1. Shea KM, Health CoE. Pediatric exposure and potential toxicity of phthalate plasticizers. Pediatr 2003;111(6):1467-74. [DOI:10.1542/peds.111.6.1467]
2. Lorz PM, Towae FK, Enke W, Jäckh R, Bhargava N, Hillesheim W. Phthalic Acid and Derivatives. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2000. [DOI:10.1002/14356007.a20_181]
3. Latini G. Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans. Clin Chim Acta 2005;361(1):20-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.003]
4. Inoue K, Kawaguchi M, Yamanaka R, Higuchi T, Ito R, Saito K, et al. Evaluation and analysis of exposure levels of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from blood bags. Clin Chim Acta 2005;358(1):159-66. [DOI:10.1016/j.cccn.2005.02.019]
5. Glue C, Platzer MH, Larsen ST, Nielsen GD, Skov PS, Poulsen LK. Phthalates potentiate the response of allergic effector cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;96(2):140-2. [DOI:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960208.x]
6. Schettler T. Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products. Int J Androl 2006;29(1):134-9. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00567.x]
7. Lyche JL, Gutleb AC, Bergman Å, Eriksen GS, Murk AJ, Ropstad E, et al. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates. J Toxicol Environ Health BCrit Rev 2009;12(4):225-49. [DOI:10.1080/10937400903094091]
8. Martino‐Andrade AJ, Chahoud I. Reproductive toxicity of phthalate esters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54(1):148-57. [DOI:10.1002/mnfr.200800312]
9. Chen X, Xu S, Tan T, Lee ST, Cheng SH, Lee FWF, et al. Toxicity and estrogenic endocrine disrupting activity of phthalates and their mixtures. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11(3):3156-68. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph110303156]
10. Ventrice P, Ventrice D, Russo E, De Sarro G. Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013;36(1):88-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.014]
11. Liang P, Xu J, Li Q. Application of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of three phthalate esters in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008;609(1):53-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.025]
12. Ermer J, Miller JHM. Method validation in pharmaceutical analysis: A guide to best practice: John Wiley & Sons; 2006.
13. Mankidy R, Wiseman S, Ma H, Giesy JP. Biological impact of phthalates. Toxicol Lett 2013;217(1):50-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.025]
14. Blount BC, Silva MJ, Caudill SP, Needham LL, Pirkle JL, Sampson EJ, et al. Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(10):979-80. [DOI:10.1289/ehp.00108979]
15. Cao XL. Phthalate esters in foods: sources, occurrence, and analytical methods. Comprehensive Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010;9(1):21-43. [DOI:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00093.x]
16. Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V, Angerer J. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007;210(5):623-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.011]
17. Inoue K, Higuchi T, Okada F, Iguchi H, Yoshimura Y, Sato A, et al. The validation of column-switching LC/MS as a high-throughput approach for direct analysis of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate released from PVC medical devices in intravenous solution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003;31(6):1145-52. [DOI:10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00019-0]
18. Calafat AM, Needham LL, Silva MJ, Lambert G. Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among premature neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 2004;113(5):e429-e34. [DOI:10.1542/peds.113.5.e429]
19. Hernández-Díaz S, Su Y-C, Mitchell AA, Kelley KE, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Medications as a potential source of exposure to phthalates among women of childbearing age. Reprod Toxicol 2013;37:1-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.01.001]
20. Latini G. Potential hazards of exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in babies. Neonatology 2000;78(4):269-76. [DOI:10.1159/000014278]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
The Iranian Journal of Toxicology
Arak University of Medical Sciences in collaboration with the Iranian Society of Toxicology
Website: http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir
Email: tox.journal@gmail.com
