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Volume 20, Issue 3 (July 2026)
IJT 2026, 20(3): 167-176 |
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Ethics code: FBS/ERC/IU-2021/05
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Islam T M T, Shaker I A, Tang. M A K, Mahat N C, Shohel M A, Rabbani T B et al . An Exploratory Study of Mammary and Cardiovascular Alterations in Female Long-Evans Rats Chronically Exposed to Brown HT. IJT 2026; 20 (3) :167-176
URL: http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-1514-en.html
URL: http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-1514-en.html
Tarique Muhammad Tawabul Islam1 
, Ivvala Anand Shaker2 , Md. Abul Kashem Tang. *3 , Nirmal Chandra Mahat4 , Mustakin Ahmed Shohel1 , Tahsin Bin Rabbani4 , Bulbul Shaikat4
, Ivvala Anand Shaker2 , Md. Abul Kashem Tang. *3 , Nirmal Chandra Mahat4 , Mustakin Ahmed Shohel1 , Tahsin Bin Rabbani4 , Bulbul Shaikat4
1- Department of Food & Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Science, Parul University, Limda, Waghodia, Gujarat, India.
2- Department of Biochemistry, Swaminarayan Institute of Medical Science & Research, Swaminarayan University, Gujarat, India.
3- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh. ,mkashemsa@gmail.com
4- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.
2- Department of Biochemistry, Swaminarayan Institute of Medical Science & Research, Swaminarayan University, Gujarat, India.
3- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh. ,
4- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.
Abstract: (10 Views)
Background: Chocolate Brown HT (CBHT), a synthetic food color, is widely used in food and beverages but has raised health concerns due to prolonged consumption and its potential to advance diseases, such as cancer. This exploratory study aimed to evaluate mammary and cardiovascular alterations associated with CBHT exposure in female Long-Evans rats.
Methods: CBHT was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and twenty virgin female Long Evans rats were divided into five groups (n = 4 each). The negative control received the standard diet, while the positive control received 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Brown HT was administered orally at doses of 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg for 50 weeks. Biochemical assays and histopathological examination of mammary and cardiac tissue were used to assess toxicological effects.
Results: Body weight initially increased, then decreased, especially in the F400 and F600 groups. Exposure to Brown HT was associated with a dose-dependent increase in triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, Creatine kinase-MB, creatinine, uric acid, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alpha-fetoprotein, and cancer antigen 15-3. High-density lipoprotein decreased compared with the negative control (P < 0.05). Mammary tissue showed changes in acinar architecture, cellular atypia, and fibrotic tissue. Heart tissue changes included edema, inflammation, angiogenesis, and hypertrophy, with more evident changes at higher doses.
Conclusion: Exposure to low levels of Brown HT over time led to dose-mediated changes in cardiovascular parameters and mammary tissue in female Long Evans rats. These findings suggest that Brown HT may affect the breasts and the cardiovascular system; however, more research with a larger sample size is required to confirm these results.
Methods: CBHT was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and twenty virgin female Long Evans rats were divided into five groups (n = 4 each). The negative control received the standard diet, while the positive control received 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Brown HT was administered orally at doses of 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg for 50 weeks. Biochemical assays and histopathological examination of mammary and cardiac tissue were used to assess toxicological effects.
Results: Body weight initially increased, then decreased, especially in the F400 and F600 groups. Exposure to Brown HT was associated with a dose-dependent increase in triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, Creatine kinase-MB, creatinine, uric acid, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alpha-fetoprotein, and cancer antigen 15-3. High-density lipoprotein decreased compared with the negative control (P < 0.05). Mammary tissue showed changes in acinar architecture, cellular atypia, and fibrotic tissue. Heart tissue changes included edema, inflammation, angiogenesis, and hypertrophy, with more evident changes at higher doses.
Conclusion: Exposure to low levels of Brown HT over time led to dose-mediated changes in cardiovascular parameters and mammary tissue in female Long Evans rats. These findings suggest that Brown HT may affect the breasts and the cardiovascular system; however, more research with a larger sample size is required to confirm these results.
Keywords: Alpha-fetoprotein, Cancer antigen 15-3, Chocolate brown HT (CBHT), Creatine kinase-MB, Fibrotic stroma
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The Iranian Journal of Toxicology
Arak University of Medical Sciences in collaboration with the Iranian Society of Toxicology
Website: http://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir
Email: tox.journal@gmail.com
